Provenance is information describing the lineage of an object, such as a dataset or biological material. Since these objects can be passed between organizations, each organization can document only parts of the objects life cycle. As a result, interconnection of distributed provenance parts forms distributed provenance chains. Dependant on the actual provenance content, complete provenance chains can provide traceability and contribute to reproducibility and FAIRness of research objects. In this paper, we define a lightweight provenance model based on W3C PROV that enables generation of distributed provenance chains in complex, multi-organizational environments. The application of the model is demonstrated with a use case spanning several steps of a real-world research pipeline - starting with the acquisition of a specimen, its processing and storage, histological examination, and the generation/collection of associated data (images, annotations, clinical data), ending with training an AI model for the detection of tumor in the images. The proposed model has become an open conceptual foundation of the currently developed ISO 23494 standard on provenance for biotechnology domain.

BBMRI ERIC Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2 8010 Graz Austria

CRS4 Center for Advanced Studies Research and Development in Sardinia Loc Piscina Manna 09050 Pula CA Italy

Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2 8010 Graz Austria

Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Botanická 68a 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Computer Science Masaryk University Šumavská 416 15 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Interdisciplinary Bank of Biomaterials and Data Würzburg University and University Hospital of Würzburg 97080 Würzburg Germany

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Toward a common standard for data and specimen provenance in life sciences