Human-induced environmental impacts on wildlife are widespread, causing major biodiversity losses. One major threat is agricultural intensification, typically characterised by large areas of monoculture, mechanical tillage, and the use of agrochemicals. Intensification leads to the fragmentation and loss of natural habitats, native vegetation, and nesting and breeding sites. Understanding the adaptability of insects to these changing environmental conditions is critical to predicting their survival. Bumblebees, key pollinators of wild and cultivated plants, are used as model species to assess insect adaptation to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated the effects of agricultural pressures on two common European bumblebees, Bombus pascuorum and B. lapidarius. Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing was used to identify loci under selective pressure across agricultural-natural gradients over 97 locations in Europe. 191 unique loci in B. pascuorum and 260 in B. lapidarius were identified as under selective pressure, and associated with agricultural stressors. Further investigation suggested several candidate proteins including several neurodevelopment, muscle, and detoxification proteins, but these have yet to be validated. These results provide insights into agriculture as a stressor for bumblebees, and signal for conservation action in light of ongoing anthropogenic changes.

Agroecology Lab Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium

Charles University Faculty of Science Department of Zoology Praha Czech Republic

Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment Bologna Italy

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Estonian University of Life Sciences Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Tartu Estonia

Ghent University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Plants and Crops Lab of Agrozoology Ghent Belgium

Institute for Evolutionary Ecology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine

Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria

Laboratory of Microbiology Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Laboratory of Zoology Research Institute for Biosciences University of Mons Mons Belgium

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Gamboa Panama

Université de Lorraine INRAE URAFPA Nancy France

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