Melanoma cells secrete pro-angiogenic factors, which stimulates growth, proliferation and metastasis, and therefore are key therapeutic targets. Buddleja saligna (BS), and an isolated triterpenoid mixture (DT-BS-01) showed a fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 33.80 ± 1.02 and 5.45 ± 0.19 µg/mL, respectively, against melanoma cells (UCT-MEL-1) with selectivity index (SI) values of 1.64 and 5.06 compared to keratinocytes (HaCat). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition was observed with IC50 values of 35.06 ± 2.96 (BS) and 26.40 ± 4.19 µg/mL (DT-BS-01). BS (30 µg/mL) significantly inhibited interleukin (IL)-6 (83.26 ± 17.60%) and IL-8 (100 ± 0.2%) production, whereas DT-BS-01 (5 µg/mL) showed 51.07 ± 2.83 (IL-6) and 0 ± 6.7% (IL-8) inhibition. Significant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibition, by 15.84 ± 4.54 and 12.21 ± 3.48%, respectively, was observed. In the ex ovo chick embryo yolk sac membrane assay (YSM), BS (15 µg/egg) significantly reduced new blood vessel formation, with 53.34 ± 11.64% newly formed vessels. Silver and palladium BS nanoparticles displayed noteworthy SI values. This is the first report on the significant anti-angiogenic activity of BS and DT-BS-01 and should be considered for preclinical trials as there are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs to inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma.

Bio Tech Research and Development Institute The University of the West Indies Mona Kingston 7 Jamaica West Indies

College of Pharmacy JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research Mysuru 570015 India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa

Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA

Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa

Department of Radiology Institute of Green Nanotechnology School of Medicine University of Missouri Columbia MO 65212 USA

Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Experimental Botany Prague 165 00 6 Lysolaje Czech Republic

School of Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA

Sinclair Research Centre Auxvasse MO 65231 USA

UCIBIO Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit Departamento de Ciências da Vida Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2829 516 Caparica Portugal

University of Missouri Research Reactor University of Missouri Columbia MO 65212 USA

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