On behalf of the entire photosynthesis community, it is an honor, for us, to write about two very eminent scientists who were recently recognised with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Photosynthesis Research (ISPR) on August 5, 2022; this prestigious Award was given during the closing ceremony of the 18th International Congress on Photosynthesis Research in Dunedin, New Zealand. The awardees were: Professor Eva-Mari Aro (Finland) and Professor Emeritus Govindjee Govindjee (USA). One of the authors, Anjana Jajoo, is especially delighted to be a part of this tribute to professors Aro and Govindjee as she was lucky enough to have worked with both of them.

Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Plant Sciences School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad 500046 India

Institute of Plant Biology Biological Research Centre Eötvös Loránd Research Network Szeged Hungary

K A Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences Botanicheskaya Street 35 Moscow 127276 Russia

Photosynthesis Laboratory School of Life Sciences Devi Ahilya University Indore 452001 India

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Allahverdiyeva Y, Mustila H, Ermakova M, Bersanini L, Richaud P, Ajlani G, Battchikova N, Cournac L, Aro EM (2013) Flavodiiron proteins Flv1 and Flv3 enable cyanobacterial growth and photosynthesis under fluctuating light. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:4111–4116 PubMed DOI PMC

Allakhverdiev SI, Subramanyam R, Tomo T (2019) International Conference on “Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability-2017. Photosynth Res 139:1–8 PubMed DOI

Aro EM, Virgin I, Andersson B (1993a) Photoinhibition of Photosystem II - inactivation, protein damage and turnover. Biochim Biophys Acta – Bioenerg 1143:113–134 DOI

Aro EM, McCaffery S, Anderson JM (1993b) Photoinhibition and D1 protein degradation in peas acclimated to different growth irradiances. Plant Physiol 103:835–843 PubMed DOI PMC

Aro EM, Suorsa M, Rokka A, Allahverdiyeva Y, Paakkarinen V, Saleem A, Battchikova N, Rintamäki E (2005) Dynamics of Photosystem II – a proteomic approach to thylakoid protein complexes. J Exp Bot 56:347–356 PubMed DOI

Demeter S, Govindjee (1989) Thermoluminescence in plants. Physiol Plant 75(1):121–130 DOI

Demmig-Adams B , Garab G, Adams W, Govindjee (eds) Non-photochemical quenching and energy dissipation In: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria, Springer, Dordrecht

DeVault D, Govindjee, Arnold W (1983) Energetics of photosynthetic glow peaks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:983–987 PubMed DOI PMC

Emerson R, Lewis CM (1943) The dependence of the quantum yield of Chlorella photosynthesis on the wavelength of light. Am J Bot 1:165–178 DOI

Emerson R, Chalmers R, Cederstrand C (1957) Some factors influencing the long-wave limit of photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43(1):133–143 PubMed DOI PMC

Fenton JM, Pellin MJ, Govindjee, Kaufmann K (1979) Primary photochemistry of the reaction center of Photosystem I. FEBS Lett 100:1–4 PubMed DOI

Fitzpatrick D, Aro EM, Tiwari A (2022) True oxygen reduction capacity during photosynthetic electron transfer in thylakoids and intact leaves. Plant Physiol 189:112–128 PubMed DOI PMC

Garab G, Rozsa Z, Govindjee (1988) Carbon dioxide affects charge accumulation in leaves. Naturwissenschaften 75:517–519 DOI

Gerotto C, Trotta A, Bajwa AA, Morosinotto T, Aro EM (2022) Role of serine/threonine protein kinase STN7 in the formation of two distinct photosystem I supercomplexes in Physcomitrium patens. Plant Physiol, in Pres. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac294 DOI

Govindjee [G] (editor) (1982) Photosynthesis. Volume I. Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria. (799 pp) and Volume II. Development, Carbon Metabolism and Plant Productivity (580 pp), Academic Press

Govindjee (2004) Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Bit of Basics and History. In Papageorgiou G, and Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic. Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 2–42

Govindjee (2014) Non-photochemical quenching and energy dissipation in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. In: Demmig-Adams B, Garab G, Adams W, Govindjee (eds) Demmig-Adams B. Springer, Dordrecht

Govindjee (2019) A sixty-year tryst with photosynthesis and related processes: an informal personal perspective. Photosynth Res 139:15–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-018-0590-0 PubMed DOI

Govindjee, Ichimura S, Cederstrand C, Rabinowitch E (1960) Effect of combining far-red light with shorter wave light on the excitation of fluorescence in Chlorella. Arch Biochem Biophys 89:322–323 PubMed DOI

Govindjee, Whitmarsh J (1982) Introduction to Photosynthesis. In: Photosynthesis. I. Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria, Govindjee (ed), Academic Press, NY, pp. 1–16

Grebe S, Trotta A, Bajwa AA, Mancini I, Bag P, Jansson S, Tikkanen M, Aro EM (2020) Specific thylakoid protein phosphorylations are prerequisites for overwintering of Norway spruce (Picea abies) photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117:17499–17509 PubMed DOI PMC

Herranen M, Battchikova N, Zhang P, Graf A, Sirpiö S, Paakkarinen V, Aro EM (2004) Towards functional proteomics of membrane protein complexes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Physiol 134:470–481 PubMed DOI PMC

Huokko T, Muth-Pawlak D, Battchikova N, Allahverdiyeva Y, Aro EM (2017) Role of type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase NdbC in regulation of carbon allocation in Synechocystis 6803. Plant Physiol 174:1863–1880 PubMed DOI PMC

Jajoo A, Bharti S, Govindjee (1998) Anion-induced state changes in spinach thylakoid membranes. FEBS Lett 434:193–196 PubMed DOI

Jajoo A, Guruprasad KN, Bharti S, Mohanty P (2009) International conference “Photosynthesis in the Global Perspective” held in honor of Govindjee, November 27–29, 2008, Indore. India Photosynth Res 100(1):49–55 PubMed DOI

Kalaji HM, Goltsev V, Bosa K, Allakhverdiev SI, Strasser RJ, Govindjee (2012) Experimental in vivo measurements of light emission in plants: a perspective dedicated to David Walker. Photosynth Res 114:69–96 PubMed DOI

Kodru S, Malavath T, Devadasu E, Nellaepalli S, Stirbet A, Subramanyam R, Govindjee G (2015) The slow S to M rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence reflects transition from state 2 to state 1 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth Res 125(1):219–231

Kosourov S, Leino H, Murukesan G, Lynch F, Sivonen K, Tsygankov AA, Aro EM, Allahverdiyeva Y (2014) Hydrogen photoproduction by immobilized N PubMed DOI PMC

Krey A, Govindjee (1964) Fluorescence changes in Porphyridium exposed to green light of different intensity: a new emission band at 693 nm, its significance to photosynthesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 52:1568–1572 PubMed DOI PMC

Mirkovic T, Ostroumov EE, Anna JM, van Grondelle R, Govindjee G, Scholes GD (2017) Light absorption and energy transfer in the antenna complexes of photosynthetic organisms. Chem Rev 117(2):249–293

Muth-Pawlak D, Kreula S, Gollan PJ, Huokko T, Allahverdiyeva Y, Aro EM (2022) Patterning of the autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic proteomes of oxygen evolving cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. Front Microbiol 13:891895 PubMed DOI PMC

Najafpour MM, Moghaddam AN, Yang YN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Eaton-Rye JJ, Lee CH, Allakhverdiev SI (2012a) Biological water oxidizing complex: a nano-sized manganese-calcium oxide in a protein environment. Photos Res 114:1–13 DOI

Najafpour MM, Rahimi F, Aro EM, Lee CH, Allakhverdiev SI (2012b) Nano-sized manganese oxides as biomimetic catalysts for water oxidation in artificial photosynthesis: a review. J R Soc Interface 9:2383–2395 PubMed DOI PMC

Najafpour MM, Fekete M, Sedigh DJ, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Eaton-Rye JJ, Nishihara H, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI, Spiccia L (2015) Damage management in water-oxidizing catalysts: from photosystem II to nano-sized metal oxides. ACS Catal 5:1499–1512 DOI

Najafpour M, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye J, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI (2016) Manganese compounds as water-oxidizing catalysts: From the natural water-oxidizing complex to nanosized manganese oxide structures. Chem Rev 116:2886–2936 PubMed DOI

Orr L, Govindjee G (1998) Photosynthesis and the world wide web. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: mechanisms and effects. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 4387–4392

Osmond CB, Valanne N, Haslam SM, Uotila P, Roksandic Z (1981) Comparisons of δ PubMed DOI

Ostroumov EE, Khan YR, Scholes GD, Govindjee (2014) Photophysics of Photosynthetic Pigment-Protein Complexes. In: Demmig-Adams B, Garab G, Govindjee (eds) Non-photochemical quenching and energy dissipation in plants, algae and cyanobacteria, advances in photosynthesis and respiration, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 97–128

Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee G (eds) (2004) Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis, Kluwer Academic (now Springer)

Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (2014) The non-photochemical quenching of the electronically excited state of chlorophyll a in plants Definitions, timelines, viewpoints, open questions. In: Demmig Garab G, Adams W, Govindjee (eds) Non-photochemical quenching and energy dissipation plants algae and cyanobacteria. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–44

Raleiras P, Khanna N, Miranda H, Mészáros LS, Krassen H, Ho F, Battchikova N, Aro EM, Magnuson A, Lindblad P, Styring S (2016) Turning around the electron flow in an uptake hydrogenase. EPR spectroscopy and in vivo activity of a designed mutant in HupSL from Nostoc punctiforme. Energy Environ Sci 9:581–594 DOI

Repo E, Hatch MD (1976) Photosynthesis in Gomphrena celosioides and its classification amongst C4-pathway Plants. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:863–876

Rintamäki E, Salonen M, Suoranta UM, Carlberg I, Andersson B, Aro EM (1997) Phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II and Photosystem II core proteins shows different irradiance-dependent regulation in vivo. Application of phospho-threonine antibodies to analysis of thylakoid phosphoproteins. J Biol Chem 272:30476–30482 PubMed DOI

Rintamäki E, Martinsuo P, Pursiheimo S, Aro EM (2000) Cooperative regulation of light-harvesting complex II phosphorylation via the plastoquinol and ferredoxin-thioredoxin system in chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 10:11644–11649 DOI

Robinson HH, Eaton-Rye JJ, van Rensen JJS, Govindjee (1984) The effects of bicarbonate depletion and formate incubation on the kinetics of oxidation-reduction reactions of the photosystem II quinone acceptor complex. Z Naturforsch 39:382–385 DOI

Shevela D, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Govindjee G (2012) Photosystem II and unique role of bicarbonate: a historical perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817:1134–1151

Sippola K, Aro EM (1998) Redox Regulation of psbA Gene Expression in Synechococcus SP. PCC 7942. In: Garab G (ed) Photosynthesis: mechanisms and effects. Kluwer, Dordercht, pp 2905–2908 DOI

Stemler A, Govindjee (1973) Bicarbonate ion as a critical factor in photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Plant Physiol 52(2):119–123 PubMed DOI PMC

Stirbet A, Lazár D, Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee (2019) Chlorophyll a fluorescence in cyanobacteria: Relation to photosynthesis. In: Mishra AN, Tiwari DN, Rai AN (eds) Cyanobacteria: from basic science to applications chapter 5. Elsevier Publishers Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 79–130 DOI

Stirbet A, Govindjee G (2012) Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction: a personal perspective of the thermal phase, the J-I–P rise. Photosynth Res 113(1):15–61

Strasser RJ, Tsimilli-Michael M, Srivastava A (2004) Analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. In: Papaqeorgiou GC, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll a fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 321–362 DOI

Suorsa M, Järvi S, Grieco M, Pietrzykowska M, Tikkanen M, Rantala M, Paakkarinen V, Jansson S, Aro EM (2012) PGR5 is essential for proper acclimation of Arabidopsis photosystem I to naturally and artificially fluctuating light conditions. Plant Cell 24:2934–2948 PubMed DOI PMC

Szalay L, Rabinowitch E, Murty NR, Govindjee (1967) Relationship between the absorption and emission spectra and the “Red Drop” in the action spectra of fluorescence in vivo. Biophys J 1(7):137–149 DOI

Thiel K, Patrikainen P, Nagy C, Fitzpatrick D, Pope N, Aro EM, Kallio P (2019) Redirecting photosynthetic electron flux in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 by the deletion of flavodiiron protein Flv3. Microb Cell Factories 18:189 DOI

Tikkanen M, Grieco M, Kangasjärvi S, Aro EM (2010) Thylakoid protein phosphorylation in higher plant chloroplasts optimises electron transfer under fluctuating light. Plant Physiol 152:723–735 PubMed DOI PMC

Tikkanen M, Gollan PJ, Mekala NR, Isojärvi J, Aro EM (2014) Light-harvesting mutants show differential gene expression upon shift to high light as a consequence of photosynthetic redox and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369:20130229 PubMed DOI PMC

Tiwari A, Mamedov F, Grieco M, Suorsa M, Jajoo A, Styring S, TIkkanenAro MEM (2016) Photodamage of iron-sulphur clusters in photosystem I induces non-photochemical energy dissipation. Nat Plants 2:1–9 DOI

Tyystjärvi E, Aro EM (1996) The rate constant of photoinhibition, measured in lincomycin treated leaves, is directly proportional to light intensity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:2213–2218 PubMed DOI PMC

Valanne N, Aro EM, Repo E (1978) Changes in photosynthetic capacity and activity of RuBPC-ase and glycolate oxidase during the early growth of moss protonemata in continuous and rhythmic light. Zeitschrift Fur Pflanzenphysiol 88:123–131 DOI

Vass I, Aro EM (2008) Photoinhibition of photosynthetic electron transport. In: Renger G (ed) Primary processes of photosynthesis: basic principles and apparatus 1. RSC Publishing, London, pp 393–425

Wasielewski MR, Johnson DG, Seibert M, Govindjee (1989) Determination of the primary charge separation rate in isolated photosystem II reaction centers with 500 femtosecond time resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:524–548 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang P, Battchikova N, Jansen T, Appel J, Ogawa T, Aro EM (2004) Expression and functional roles of the two distinct NDH-1 complexes and the carbon acquisition complex NdhD3/NdhF3/CupA/Sll1735 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Cell 16:3326–3340 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang P, Eisenhut M, Brandt AM, Carmel D, Silén HM, Vass I, Allahverdiyeva Y, Salminen TA, Aro EM (2012) Operon flv4-flv2 provides cyanobacterial photosystem II with flexibility of electron transfer. Plant Cell 24:1952–1971 PubMed DOI PMC

In appreciation of an ingenious scientist and a great friend: Győző Garab