External workloads associated Hockey 5 s, the new version of youth field hockey, were evaluated in 31 elite U16 male field players (15.4 ± 0.7 years) from three national teams. Mixed-longitudinal observations for the 31 players provided complete data for 33 forwards and 43 defenders. Activities of the players during games were monitored with the GPSports SPI Elite System with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz and were analysed with GPSports Team AMS (version R1 2015.14, Australia). Observed variables did not differ between forwards and defenders, and the three periods of play were differentiated only by maximal speed in the second and third periods. The greatest distances covered were in speed zone 3 (10.0-15.9 km h-1; 35.5-38.2%) and the smallest in speed zones 4 (16.0-22.9 km h-1; 14.8-15.6%) and 5 (> 23 km h-1; 0.4-1.4%). The trends indicated high intensity levels for the entire match and by position and periods. Active time of forwards and defenders accounted for about one-half of a game's duration (~ 15.7 of 30 min). Overall, the Hockey 5s format was highly demanding of players and included relatively short intervals for recovery. The results emphasize the need for preparation that includes specific mixed anaerobic and aerobic training and also the importance of recovery during breaks.

Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences Wrocław Poland

Department of Team Games Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences Wrocław Poland

Faculty of Methodology and Recreation Poznań University of Physical Education Poznan Poland

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Professor Emeritus Department of Kinesiology and Health Education University of Texas at Austin Austin USA

School of Public Health and Information Sciences and Department of Anthropology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA

Theory of Sports Department Poznań University of Physical Education Krolowej Jadwigi 27 39 Poznan Poland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Clemente FM, et al. Accelerometry-based variables in professional soccer players: Comparisons between periods of the season and playing positions. Biol. Sport. 2020;37:389–403. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96852. PubMed DOI PMC

Taylor JB, Wright AA, Dischiavi SL, Townsend MA, Marmon AR. Activity demands during multi-directional team sports: A systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47(12):2533–2551. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5. PubMed DOI

Andrzejewski M, Chmura J, Pluta B, Konarski JM. Sprinting activities and distance covered by top level Europa League soccer players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2015;10(1):39–50. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.39. DOI

Modric T, Versic S, Sekulic D, Liposek S. Analysis of the association between running performance and game performance indicators in professional soccer players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16(20):4032. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16204032. PubMed DOI PMC

Bujnovsky D, et al. Physical fitness characteristics of high-level youth football players: Influence of playing position. Sports. 2019;7:46. doi: 10.3390/sports7020046. PubMed DOI PMC

Konarski J, Strzelczyk R. Characteristics of differences in energy expenditure and heart rate during indoor and outdoor field hockey matches. Stud. Phys. Cult. Tour. 2009;16(2):195–189.

Kobayashi, K. A study on characteristics of Hockey5s—as compared with the 11 players and 6 players. Bull. Tokai Gakuin Univ. Junior College42, 67–73. (in Japanese, abstract in English) (2016).

Fédération Internationale de Hockey (FIH). Hockey5s Rules—2016. Lausanne: Fédération Internationale de Hockey. http://www.fih.ch/inside-fih/our-official-documents/rules-of-hockey/ (2016).

Scott MTU, Scott TJ, Kelly VG. The validity and reliability of global positioning systems in team sport: A brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2016;30(5):1470–1490. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001221. PubMed DOI

Del Coso J, et al. Caffeinated energy drinks improve high-speed running in elite field hockey players. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2016;26(1):26–32. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0128. PubMed DOI

Lago C, Casais L, Dominguez E, Sampaio J. The effects of situational variables on distance covered at various speeds in elite soccer. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2010;10(2):103–109. doi: 10.1080/17461390903273994. DOI

Di Salvo V, et al. Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. Int. J. Sports Med. 2007;28(3):222–227. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924294. PubMed DOI

Konarski JM, Konarska A, Strzelczyk R, Skrzypczak M, Malina RM. Internal and external loads during Hockey 5's competitions among U16 Players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021;35(11):3199–3206. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003251. PubMed DOI

Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Heart rate monitoring. Sports Med. 2003;33(7):517–538. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333070-00004. PubMed DOI

Hill-Haas SV, Dawson BT, Coutts AJ, Rowsell GJ. Physiological responses and time–motion characteristics of various small-sided soccer games in youth players. J. Sports Sci. 2009;27:1–8. doi: 10.1080/02640410802206857. PubMed DOI

Dellal A, Chamari K, Owen AL, Wong DP, Lago-Penas C, Hill-Haas S. Influence of technical instructions on the physiological and physical demands of small-sided soccer games. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2011;11:341–346. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2010.521584. DOI

Lythe J, Kilding AE. Physical demands and physiological responses during elite field hockey. Int. J. Sports Med. 2011;32(07):523–528. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1273710. PubMed DOI

Jennings DH, Cormack SJ, Coutts AJ, Aughey RJ. International field hockey players perform more high-speed running than national-level counterparts. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012;26(4):947–952. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822e5913. PubMed DOI

Delves RI, Bahnisch J, Ball K, Duthie GM. Quantifying mean peak running intensities in elite field hockey. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021;35(9):2604–2610. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003162. PubMed DOI

Sunderland CD, Edwards PL. Activity profile and between-match variation in elite male field hockey. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017;31:758–764. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001522. PubMed DOI

Elferink-Gemser MT, Visscher C, Lemmink KA, Mulder T. Multidimensional performance characteristics and standard of performance in talented youth field hockey players: A longitudinal study. J. Sports Sci. 2007;25(4):481–489. doi: 10.1080/02640410600719945. PubMed DOI

Konarski J, et al. Variations in functional and morphological characteristics of elite Polish field hockey players in a complete macrocycle. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2012;7(3):527–541. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.3.527. DOI

Martin-Garcia A, Diaz AG, Bradley PS, Morera F, Casamichana D. Quantification of a professional football team's external load using a microcycle structure. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018;32(12):3511–3518. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002816. PubMed DOI

Martin-Garcia A, et al. Physical demands of ball possession games in relation to the most demanding passages of a competitive match. J. Sport Sci. Med. 2020;19(1):1–9. PubMed PMC

Lignell E, Fransson D, Krustrup P, Mohr M. Analysis of high-intensity skating in top-class ice hockey match-play in relation to training status and muscle damage. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018;32(5):1303–1310. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001999. PubMed DOI

Maly T, Sugimoto D, Izovska J, Zahálka F, Mala L. Effect of muscular strength, asymmetries and fatigue on kicking performance in soccer players. Int. J. Sports Med. 2018;39:297–303. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-123648. PubMed DOI

Lehnert M, Croix MD, Zaatar A, Lipinska P, Stastny P. Effect of a simulated match on lower limb neuromuscular performance in youth footballers-a two year longitudinal study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17(22):8579. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228579. PubMed DOI PMC

Pouca M, Parente MPL, Jorge RMN, Ashton-Miller JA. Injuries in muscle-tendon-bone units: A systematic review considering the role of passive tissue fatigue. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2021;9:8. doi: 10.1177/23259671211020731. PubMed DOI PMC

Malina RM. Growth, Maturation, Physical Activity and Sport. 3. Human Kinetics Press; 2022.