Biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with rhinitis and/or asthma are urgently needed. Although some biologic biomarkers exist in specialist care for asthma, they cannot be largely used in primary care. There are no validated biomarkers in rhinitis or allergen immunotherapy (AIT) that can be used in clinical practice. The digital transformation of health and health care (including mHealth) places the patient at the center of the health system and is likely to optimize the practice of allergy. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) and EAACI (European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology) developed a Task Force aimed at proposing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) as digital biomarkers that can be easily used for different purposes in rhinitis and asthma. It first defined control digital biomarkers that should make a bridge between clinical practice, randomized controlled trials, observational real-life studies and allergen challenges. Using the MASK-air app as a model, a daily electronic combined symptom-medication score for allergic diseases (CSMS) or for asthma (e-DASTHMA), combined with a monthly control questionnaire, was embedded in a strategy similar to the diabetes approach for disease control. To mimic real-life, it secondly proposed quality-of-life digital biomarkers including daily EQ-5D visual analogue scales and the bi-weekly RhinAsthma Patient Perspective (RAAP). The potential implications for the management of allergic respiratory diseases were proposed.

Agency of Health ASL Salerno Italy

ALL MED Medical Research Institute Wroclaw Poland

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit Mauriziano Hospital Torino Italy

Allergy Asthma and Clinical Immunology Alfred Health and Department of Immunology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Allergy Center CUF Descobertas Hospital Lisbon Portugal

Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece

Allergy Section Department of Internal Medicine Hospital Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain

Allergy Service Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Autonoma University of Madrid CIBERES ISCIII Madrid Spain

Allergy Unit D Kalogeromitros 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Attikon University Hospital Athens Greece

Allergy Unit Málaga Regional University Hospital IBIMA Málaga Spain

ARADyAL Research Network Barcelona Spain

ARIA Montpellier France

Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany

Center for Rhinology and Allergology Wiesbaden Germany

Center of Allergy and Immunology David Tvildiani Medical University Tbilisi Georgia

Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital México City Mexico

Chiba Rosai Hospital Chiba Japan

Chiba University Hospital Chiba Japan

CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública Barcelona Spain

Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy IDIBAPS CIBERES University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Clinique des Bronches Allergie et Sommeil Hôpital Nord Marseille France

Department of Allergology Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland

Department of Allergy and Immunology Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia Bilbao Spain

Department of Allergy Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research Madrid Spain

Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University Milan Italy

Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy

Department of Clinical Immunology Wrocław Medical University Wroclaw Poland

Department of Clinical Medicine Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Clinical Science and Education Södersjukhuset Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre Odense University Hospital Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis Odense Denmark

Department of Geriatrics Montpellier University Hospital MUSE Montpellier France

Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Department of Immunoallergology Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre Covilhã Portugal

Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health Esch sur Alzette Luxembourg

Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology University Hospital Duilio Casula University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy

Department of Medical Sciences University of Torino Torino Italy

Department of Medicine Clinical Immunology and Allergy McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada

Department of Medicine Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan

Department of Neurological ENT and Thoracic Sciences Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology Beijing China

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Dar Al Shifa Hospital Salmiya Hawally Kuwait

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Eye and Ear University Hospital Beirut Lebanon

Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Universitätsmedizin Mainz Mainz Germany

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Amsterdam University Medical Centres Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary

Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedical Sciences Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Department of Pediatric Pneumology Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Medical University Berlin Germany

Department of Pediatric Respiratory Diseases and Allergology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards Allergology and Immunology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Public Health University of Liège Liège Belgium

Department of Pulmonary Diseases Faculty of Medicine Celal Bayar University Manisa Turkey

Department of Pulmonary Diseases Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine Istanbul Turkey

Department of Pulmonary Medicine CHU Liège Liège Belgium

Department of Pulmonary Medicine Mainz University Hospital Mainz Germany

Department of Respiratory Medicine and Tuberculosis University Hospital Brno Lískovec Czech Republic

Department of Respiratory Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre Copenhagen Denmark

Department of Respiratory Medicine Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium

Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine Santa Maria della Speranza Hospital Battipaglia Salerno Italy

Division of Allergy Immunology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA

Division of Internal Medicine Asthma and Allergy Barlicki University Hospital Medical University of Lodz Lodz Poland

Ecole Polytechnique de Palaiseau Palaiseau France

ENT Department Medical Faculty Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskisehir Turkey

Faculty of Health Sciences and CICS UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

Faculty of Medicine Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Faculty of Medicine Institute of Immunology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

FIHLA Finnish Lung Health Association Helsinki Finland

Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland

Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Allergology and Immunology Berlin Germany

Fundaçao ProAR Federal University of Bahia and GARD WHO Planning Group Salvador Brazil

GIGA I3 Research Group University of Liège Liège Belgium

Health Planning Unit Department of Social Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Crete Heraklion Greece

Health Research Network Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Imunoalergologia Faculty of Medicine Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Institute of Allergology Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences Medical Faculty of Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council Bari Italy

International Primary Care Respiratory Group Aberdeen UK

IRBA Brétigny sur Orge France

IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa Italy

ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health Barcelona Spain

Kazakhstan Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology of the Kazakh National Medical University Almaty Kazakhstan

KYomed INNOV Montpellier France

MASK air Montpellier France

MEDCIDS Department of Community Medicine Information and Health Decision Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal

Medical Consulting Czarlewski Levallois France

National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK

NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre London UK

Nova Southeastern University College of Allopathic Medicine Fort Lauderdale Florida USA

Pediatric Pulmonology Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS Rozzano Milan Italy

Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy IRCCS Humanitas Research Center Milan Italy

Pneumologie AP HP Centre Université de Paris Cité Hôpital Cochin et UMR 1016 Institut Cochin Paris France

Pneumology Unit Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Poltava State Medical University Poltava Ukraine

Portuguese National Programme for Respiratory Diseases Direção Geral da Saúde Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Instituto de Saúde Ambiental Lisbon Portugal

Postgraduate Programme in Allergy and Clinical Immunology University of Naples Federico 2 Naples Italy

PROMISE Department University of Palermo Palermo Italy

Quality Use of Respiratory Medicines Group Woolcock Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia

Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Laval University Quebec City Quebec Canada

Respiralab Research Group Guayas Ecuador

Respiratory Clinic Department of Internal Medicine University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Respiratory Medicine Department of Translational Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy

Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic ENT Department Hospital Clínic Barcelona Spain

Royal Brompton Hospital Airways Disease Section London UK

Sach's Children and Youth Hospital Stockholm Sweden

School of Medicine University CEU San Pablo Madrid Spain

Section of Rhinology and Allergy Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Marburg Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany

Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia Clinica Santa Isabel Buenos Aires Argentina

Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology USL Toscana Centro Prato Italy

Sydney Local Health District Sydney New South Wales Australia

Sydney Pharmacy School The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia

UBIAir Clinical and Experimental Lung Centre and CICS UBI Health Sciences Research Centre University of Beira Interior Covilhã Portugal

UCIBIO REQUINTE Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing University of Porto Porto Portugal

Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology University of Bari Medical School Bari Italy

Universidad Espíritu Santo Samborondón Ecuador

Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain

Université Paris Cité Paris France

University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik Slovenia

University Hospital Montpellier Montpellier France

University Hospital of Nice Nice France

University of Central Lancashire Medical School Preston UK

Usher Institute The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

VIM Suresnes UMR 0892 Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires Hôpital Foch Université Paris Saclay Suresnes France

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