• This record comes from PubMed

Causality of the Satisfaction-Performance Relationship: A Task Experiment

. 2023 Feb ; 19 (1) : 48-66. [epub] 20230228

Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Language English Country Germany Media electronic-ecollection

Document type Journal Article

Despite the common belief among practitioners that a happy worker is a productive worker, researchers have been struggling to understand the causality between satisfaction and performance for decades. This study attempts to bring clarity to current understanding through an experiment with repeated measures of satisfaction and performance. A total of 143 participants repeatedly performed a task based on the Stroop test, with their objective performance and task satisfaction measured each time. Two different types of feedback (high/low performance) were randomly assigned to participants in order to manipulate perceived performance. The data were analyzed using a path analysis. The results support the hypothesized influence of task satisfaction on task performance and of perceived task performance on task satisfaction.

See more in PubMed

Adler, S., Campion, M., Colquitt, A., Grubb, A., Murphy, K., Ollander-Krane, R., & Pulakos, E. D. (2016). Getting rid of performance ratings: Genius or folly? A debate. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 9(2), 219–252. 10.1017/iop.2015.106 DOI

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T DOI

Ajzen, I., & Klobas, J. (2013). Fertility intentions: An approach based on the theory of planned behavior. Demographic Research, 29, 203–232. 10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.8 DOI

Alessandri, G., Borgogni, L., & Latham, G. P. (2017). A dynamic model of the longitudinal relationship between job satisfaction and supervisor‐rated job performance. Applied Psychology, 66(2), 207–232. 10.1111/apps.12091 PubMed DOI

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

Bakotić, D. (2016). Relationship between job satisfaction and organisational performance. Economic Research—Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 29(1), 118–130. 10.1080/1331677X.2016.1163946 DOI

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 PubMed DOI

Bol, J. C., & Smith, S. D. (2011). Spillover effects in subjective performance evaluation: Bias and the asymmetric influence of controllability. Accounting Review, 86(4), 1213–1230. 10.2308/accr-10038 DOI

Brown, S. P., & Peterson, R. A. (1994). The effect of effort on sales performance and job satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 70–80. 10.1177/002224299405800206 DOI

Cadsby, C. B., Song, F., & Tapon, F. (2007). Sorting and incentive effects of pay for performance: An experimental investigation. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 387–405. 10.5465/amj.2007.24634448 DOI

Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 687–732). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Christen, M., Iyer, G., & Soberman, D. (2006). Job satisfaction, job performance, and effort: A reexamination using agency theory. Journal of Marketing, 70(1), 137–150. 10.1509/jmkg.70.1.137.qxd DOI

Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558 PubMed DOI

Conway, J. M. (1999). Distinguishing contextual performance from task performance for managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 3–13. 10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.3 DOI

Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1997). Psychometric properties of multisource performance ratings: A meta-analysis of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings. Human Performance, 10(4), 331–360. 10.1207/s15327043hup1004_2 DOI

Crant, J. M. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 532–537. 10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.532 DOI

Davar, S. C., & Bala, R. (2012). Relationship between job satisfaction & job performance: A meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(2), 290–305. 10.1037//0033-2909.127.3.376 DOI

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. 10.1037/a0012801 DOI

Dipboye, R. L., & Flanagan, M. F. (1979). Research settings in industrial and organizational psychology: Are findings in the field more generalizable than in the laboratory? American Psychologist, 34(2), 141–150. 10.1037/0003-066X.34.2.141 DOI

Dodd, N. G., & Ganster, D. C. (1996). The interactive effects of variety, autonomy, and feedback on attitudes and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(4), 329–347. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199607)17:4<329::AID-JOB754>3.0.CO;2-B DOI

Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (2001). Job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of stabilities. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(5), 483–504. 10.1002/job.98 DOI

Downey, H. K., Sheridan, J. E., & Slocum, J. W. (1975). Analysis of relationships among leader behavior, subordinate job performance and satisfaction: A path-goal approach. Academy of Management Journal, 18(2), 253–262. 10.2307/255528 DOI

Eberegbe, G., & Giovanis, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of job satisfaction domains on firm performance: Evidence from Great Britain. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research, 10(2), 96–114.

Edwards, B. D., Bell, S. T., Arthur, W., Jr., & Decuir, A. D. (2008). Relationships between facets of job satisfaction and task and contextual performance. Applied Psychology, 57(3), 441–465. 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00328.x DOI

Fahr, R. (2011). Job design and job satisfaction: Empirical evidence for Germany? Management Review, 22(1), 28–46. 10.1688/1861-9908_mrev_2011_01_Fahr DOI

Fatseas, V. A., & Hirst, M. K. (1992). Incentive effects of assigned goals and compensation schemes on budgetary performance. Accounting and Business Research, 22(88), 347–355. 10.1080/00014788.1992.9729450 DOI

Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218 PubMed DOI PMC

Grund, C., & Przemeck, J. (2012). Subjective performance appraisal and inequality aversion. Applied Economics, 44(17), 2149–2155. 10.1080/00036846.2011.560109 DOI

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects. Yale University.

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159–170. 10.1037/h0076546 DOI

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7 DOI

Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2009). Self–Other agreement in job performance ratings: A meta-analytic test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 353–370. 10.1037/0021-9010.94.2.353 PubMed DOI

Heidemeier, H., & Moser, K. (2019). A self‐regulation account of the job performance–job satisfaction relationship. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(6), 1313–1328. 10.1002/ejsp.2573 DOI

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. 10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI

Hu, X., & Kaplan, S. (2015). The effects of unconsciously derived affect on task satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30(1), 119–135. 10.1007/s10869-013-9331-8 DOI

Ironson, G. H., Smith, P. C., Brannick, M. T., Gibson, W. M., & Paul, K. B. (1989). Construction of a Job in General scale: A comparison of global, composite, and specific measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 193–200. 10.1037/0021-9010.74.2.193 DOI

Isaac, R. G., Zerbe, W. J., & Pitt, D. C. (2001). Leadership and motivation: The effective application of expectancy theory. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(2), 212–226.

Johnson, D. S., Perlow, R., & Pieper, K. F. (1993). Differences in task performance as a function of type of feedback: Learning‐oriented versus performance‐oriented feedback. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 303–320. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01089.x DOI

Judge, T. A., Heller, D., & Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541. 10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.530 PubMed DOI

Judge, T. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1993). Job satisfaction as a reflection of disposition: A multiple source causal analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(3), 388–421. 10.1006/obhd.1993.1061 DOI

Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Bono, J. E., & Patton, G. K. (2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 127(3), 376–407. 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.376 PubMed DOI

Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological Methods & Research, 44(3), 486–507. 10.1177/0049124114543236 DOI

Kinicki, A. J., McKee-Ryan, F. M., Schriesheim, C. A., & Carson, K. P. (2002). Assessing the construct validity of the Job Descriptive Index: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 14–32. 10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.14 PubMed DOI

Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., Kensbock, J. M., & Peschl, A. (2020). What satisfies younger versus older employees, and why? An aging perspective on equity theory to explain interactive effects of employee age, monetary rewards, and task contributions on job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 101–115. 10.1002/hrm.21981 DOI

Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., Schaufeli, W. B., De Vet, H. C., & Van Der Beek, A. J. (2011). Conceptual frameworks of individual work performance: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 856–866. 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a763 PubMed DOI

Landers, R. N., Bauer, K. N., & Callan, R. C. (2017). Gamification of task performance with leaderboards: A goal setting experiment. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 508–515. 10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.008 DOI

Landy, F. J. (1989). Psychology of work behavior. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing.

Landy, F. J., & Farr, J. L. (1980). Performance rating. Psychological Bulletin, 87(1), 72–107. 10.1037/0033-2909.87.1.72 DOI

Lawler, E. E., & Porter, L. W. (1967). The effect of performance on job satisfaction. Industrial Relations, 7(1), 20–28. 10.1111/j.1468-232X.1967.tb01060.x DOI

Lusch, R. F., & Serpkenci, R. R. (1990). Personal differences, job tension, job outcomes, and store performance: A study of retail store managers. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 85–101. 10.1177/002224299005400106 DOI

MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Ahearne, M. (1998). Some possible antecedents and consequences of in-role and extra-role salesperson performance. Journal of Marketing, 62(3), 87–98. 10.1177/002224299806200306 DOI

Motowidlo, S. J. (2003). Job performance. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 12: Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 39–53). John Wiley & Sons.

Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475–480. 10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475 PubMed DOI

Mount, M. K., Judge, T. A., Scullen, S. E., Sytsma, M. R., & Hezlett, S. A. (1998). Trait, rater and level effects in 360‐degree performance ratings. Personnel Psychology, 51(3), 557–576. 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00251.x DOI

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2011). Mplus user's guide. Muthén & Muthén.

O’Reilly, C. A., & Caldwell, D. F. (1985). The impact of normative social influence and cohesiveness on task perceptions and attitudes: A social information-processing approach. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58(3), 193–206. 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1985.tb00195.x DOI

Prendergast, C., & Topel, R. (1993). Discretion and bias in performance evaluation. European Economic Review, 37(2–3), 355–365. 10.1016/0014-2921(93)90024-5 DOI

Prochazka, J., Vaculik, M., Smutny, P., & Jezek, S. (2018). Leader traits, transformational leadership and leader effectiveness: A mediation study from the Czech Republic. Journal for East European Management Studies, 23(3), 474–501. 10.5771/0949-6181-2018-3-474 DOI

Riketta, M. (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 472–481. 10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472 PubMed DOI

Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P. R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 66–80. 10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.66 PubMed DOI

Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitude change: A systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 995–1008. 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.995 PubMed DOI

Schjoedt, L. (2009). Entrepreneurial job characteristics: An examination of their effect on entrepreneurial satisfaction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 619–644. 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00319.x DOI

Simon, A. F. (2006). Computer-mediated communication: Task performance and satisfaction. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(3), 349–379. 10.3200/SOCP.146.3.349-379 PubMed DOI

Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-efficacy and perceived autonomy: Relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 68–77. 10.2466/14.02.PR0.114k14w0 PubMed DOI

Skalli, A., Theodossiou, I., & Vasileiou, E. (2008). Jobs as Lancaster goods: Facets of job satisfaction and overall job satisfaction. Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(5), 1906–1920. 10.1016/j.socec.2008.04.003 DOI

Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. (1985). Stability in the midst of change: A dispositional approach to job attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 469–480. 10.1037/0021-9010.70.3.469 DOI

Steel, R. P., & Mento, A. J. (1986). Impact of situational constraints on subjective and objective criteria of managerial job performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(2), 254–265. 10.1016/0749-5978(86)90054-3 DOI

Steel, R. P., Rentsch, J. R., & Hendrix, W. H. (2002). Cross-level replication and extension of Steel and Rentsch’s (1995) longitudinal absence findings. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(3), 447–456. 10.1023/A:1012829125272 DOI

Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. 10.1037/h0054651 DOI

Swider, B. W., Boswell, W. R., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2011). Examining the job search-turnover relationship: The role of embeddedness, job satisfaction, and available alternatives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 432–441. 10.1037/a0021676 PubMed DOI

Taber, T. D., & Alliger, G. M. (1995). A task‐level assessment of job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(2), 101–121. 10.1002/job.4030160202 DOI

Taris, T. W., & Kompier, M. (2003). Challenges in longitudinal designs in occupational health psychology. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 29(1), 1–4. 10.5271/sjweh.697 PubMed DOI

Vaculik, M., Vytaskova, J., Prochazka, J., & Zalis, L. (2016). Mindfulness, job satisfaction and job performance: Mutual relationships and moderation effect. In I. Simberova, F. Milichovsky & O. Zizlavsky (Eds.), Smart and efficient economy: Preparation for the future innovative economy (pp. 148–156). Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Business and Management.

Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., & Williams, A. A. (2001). The changing signs in the relationships among self-efficacy, personal goals, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 605–620. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.605 PubMed DOI

Wanous, J. P. (1974). A causal-correlational analysis of the job satisfaction and performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(2), 139–144. 10.1037/h0036532 DOI

Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84–94. 10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.84 PubMed DOI

Wright, T. A., Cropanzano, R., & Bonett, D. G. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive well being on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93–104. 10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.93 PubMed DOI

Wright, P. M., McMahan, G. C., & McWilliams, A. (1994). Human resources and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), 301–326. 10.1080/09585199400000020 DOI

Yang, C. L., & Hwang, M. (2014). Personality traits and simultaneous reciprocal influences between job performance and job satisfaction. Chinese Management Studies, 8(1), 6–26. 10.1108/CMS-09-2011-0079 DOI

Yoon, J., & Thye, S. R. (2002). A dual process model of organizational commitment: Job satisfaction and organizational support. Work and Occupations, 29(1), 97–124. 10.1177/0730888402029001005 DOI

Find record

Citation metrics

Loading data ...

Archiving options

Loading data ...