The pet trade is known to be one of the most important pathways of aquatic non-native species introduction and Indonesia is a significant trade partner. Popular ornamental South American river stingrays (Potamotrygon spp.) were introduced to Indonesia in the 1980s and the culture was established. Here we present a detailed Indonesian market and aquaculture survey, the volume of trade between January 2020 and June 2022, and the list of customer countries with the total amount of imported stingrays. Climate similarities between the native range of P. motoro and P. jabuti and Indonesia were analysed. A significant number of areas of Indonesian islands were identified as suitable for the establishment of this species. This was confirmed by the first record of probably established populations in the Brantas River (Java). In total 13 individuals including newborns were captured. The culture of potamotrygonid stingrays is unregulated in Indonesia, and the risk of the establishment of this predator and its potential spread is alarming for wildlife. Moreover, the first case of envenomation caused by Potamotrygon spp. in the wild outside of South America was recorded. The current condition is predicted as the 'tip of the iceberg' and continuous monitoring and mitigation of risks are strongly recommended.

Centre for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies The Institute for Research and Community Service IPB University Bogor 16680 Indonesia

Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain

Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga Surabaya 60115 Indonesia

Department of Biology Marine Biology and Environmental Science Roger Williams University One Old Ferry Road Bristol RI 02809 USA

Department of Zoology and Fisheries Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Science Prague Kamýcká 129 16500 Prague Suchdol Czech Republic

Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Rua Diogo de Vasconcelos 122 Ouro Preto Minas Gerais 35400 000 Brazil

School for the Environment University of Massachusetts Boston Boston MA 02125 USA

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