The global burden of neurological disorders is substantial and increasing, especially in low-resource settings. The current increased global interest in brain health and its impact on population wellbeing and economic growth, highlighted in the World Health Organization's new Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and other Neurological Disorders 2022-2031, presents an opportunity to rethink the delivery of neurological services. In this Perspective, we highlight the global burden of neurological disorders and propose pragmatic solutions to enhance neurological health, with an emphasis on building global synergies and fostering a 'neurological revolution' across four key pillars - surveillance, prevention, acute care and rehabilitation - termed the neurological quadrangle. Innovative strategies for achieving this transformation include the recognition and promotion of holistic, spiritual and planetary health. These strategies can be deployed through co-design and co-implementation to create equitable and inclusive access to services for the promotion, protection and recovery of neurological health in all human populations across the life course.

African Academy of Neurology Cape Town South Africa

African Stroke Organization Ibadan Nigeria

Al Ameen Educational Trust Gudalur India

Alzheimer's Disease International London UK

Amal Neuro Developmental Centres Gudalur India

American Brain Foundation Minneapolis MN USA

Atria Academy of Science and Medicine New York NY USA

Australian Clinical Psychology Association Sydney New South Wales Australia

Blossom Specialist Medical Center Ibadan Nigeria

Brain Health Nexus New York NY USA

Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois Lausanne Switzerland

Clinical Neurosciences Section UCL Institute of Child Health University College London London UK

Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences Charité Campus Mitte Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Cohen Veterans Bioscience New York NY USA

College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences of the University of Pavia Pavia Italy

Department of Clinical Neurosciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Alberta Canada

Department of Clinical Sciences Diagnostic Radiology Lund University Lund Sweden

Department of Clinical Sciences Neurology Lund University Lund Sweden

Department of Medicine Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti Nigeria

Department of Neurology Apollo Specialty Hospitals Nellore India

Department of Neurology Cedars Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA

Department of Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium

Department of Neurology Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Klinikum Großhadern Munich Germany

Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Phoenix AZ USA

Department of Neurology Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Department of Neurology Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey PA USA

Department of Neurology University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Neurosurgery Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS Humanitas University Milan Italy

Department of Neurosurgery University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill North Carolina NC USA

Department of Non Communicable Diseases Ministry of Health Nairobi Kenya

Department of Paediatric Neurology and Critical Care University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA

Department of Paediatric Neurology Children's Hospital Datteln University Witten Herdecke Witten Germany

Department of Paediatric Neurology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital Neuroscience Institute University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences University of Milan Milan Italy

Encephalitis Society Malton North Yorkshire UK

European Academy of Neurology Vienna Austria

European Brain Council Brussels Belgium

European Federation of Neurological Associations Brussels Belgium

European Paediatric Neurology Society Bolton UK

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK

Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti Nigeria

Global Brain Health Institute San Francisco CA USA

HOMI Fundacion Hospital Paediatrico la Misericordia Bogota Colombia

Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences New Delhi India

Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK

International Child Neurology Association London UK

International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology Milwaukee WI USA

International Headache Society London UK

International League Against Epilepsy Flower Mound TX USA

International Neuro Palliative Care Society Roseville MN USA

IRCCS C Mondino Foundation Neurological Institute Pavia Italy

John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Center Newcastle University Newcastle UK

Lebanese American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon

Meningitis Research Foundation Bristol UK

Migraine Association of Ireland Dublin Ireland

Military Hospital Accra Ghana

Multiple Sclerosis International Federation London UK

National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras

National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand

Neurology Department Inselspital University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Neurology Public Health Disability Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy

Neurology Unit Department of Medicine College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

One Neurology Initiative Brussels Belgium

Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group School of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Pan American Federation of Neurological Societies Santiago de Chile Chile

Paracelsus Elena Hospital Kassel Department of Neurosurgery University Medical Centre Goettingen Germany

Peripheral Nerve Society Roseville MN USA

Safar Center for Resuscitation Research University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA

SRH Neurorehabilitation Hospital Bad Wimpfen Bad Wimpfen Germany

Tics and Tourette Across the Globe Hannover Germany

University of Kent Canterbury UK

Women's Brain Project Guntershausen Switzerland

World Federation for Neurorehabilitation North Shields UK

World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Prague Czech Republic

World Sleep Society Rochester MN USA

Zobrazit více v PubMed

World Health Organization. Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders 2022–2031https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/intersectoral-global-action-plan-on-eepilepsy-and-other-neurological-disorders-2022-2031 (2022). PubMed

Miles A. On the interface between science, medicine, faith and values in the individualization of clinical practice: a review and analysis of ‘Medicine of the Person’ Cox, J., Campbell, A. V. & Fulford, K. W. M., eds (2007) J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 2009;15:1000–1024. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01351.x. PubMed DOI

World Health Organization. WHO Global Strategy on Health, Environment and Climate Change: the Transformation Needed to Improve Lives and Wellbeing Sustainably Through Healthy Environments.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240000377 (2020).

Guekht A, et al. The road to a World Health Organization global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Epilepsia. 2021;62:1057–1063. doi: 10.1111/epi.16856. PubMed DOI

The Lancet Neurology. A decisive year for the neurological community. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21:103. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00001-1. PubMed DOI

World Health Organization. Sustainable Development Goalshttps://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/theme-details/GHO/sustainable-development-goals (2015).

World Health Organization. COP26 Special Report on Climate Change and Health: the Health Argument for Climate Actionhttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240036727 (2021).

Saymey, A. How spiritual wellness unlocks creativity and resourcefulness. BetterUphttps://www.betterup.com/blog/what-is-spiritual-wellness-and-why-is-it-so-important (2021).

Owolabi MO. Impact of stroke on health-related quality of life in diverse cultures: the Berlin–Ibadan multicenter international study. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 2011;9:1–11. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-9-81. PubMed DOI PMC

Chirico F. Spiritual well-being in the 21st century: it’s time to review the current WHO’s health definition? J. Heal. Soc. Sci. 2016;1:11–16.

Feigin VL, et al. The global burden of neurological disorders: translating evidence into policy. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:255–265. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30411-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Feigin VL, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:459–480. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X. PubMed DOI PMC

Stepien KM, et al. Challenges in transition from childhood to adulthood care in rare metabolic diseases: results from the first multi-center European Survey. Front. Med. 2021;8:206. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.652358. PubMed DOI PMC

Owolabi MO, et al. Primary stroke prevention worldwide: translating evidence into action. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7:e74–e85. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00230-9. PubMed DOI PMC

World Health Organization. Global Status Report on the Public Health Response to Dementia: Executive Summaryhttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240033245 (2021).

NIH. National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, NIH (2011) National Institutes of Health Sleep Disorders Research Planhttps://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/all-publications-and-resources/2021-nih-health-sleep-research-plan (2021).

Hafner M, Stepanek M, Taylor J, Troxel WM, van Stolk C. Why sleep matters — the economic costs of insufficient sleep: a cross-country comparative analysis. Rand Health Q. 2017;6:11. PubMed PMC

Foster RG. Sleep, circadian rhythms and health. Interface Focus. 2020;10:20190098. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0098. PubMed DOI PMC

Winkelman JW, Shahar E, Sharief I, Gottlieb DJ. Association of restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Neurology. 2008;70:35–42. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000287072.93277.c9. PubMed DOI

Spira AP, Chen-Edinboro LP, Wu MN, Yaffe K. Impact of sleep on the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry. 2014;27:483. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000106. PubMed DOI PMC

Ma Y, et al. Association between sleep duration and cognitive decline. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3:e2013573. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13573. PubMed DOI PMC

Sabia S, et al. Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:2289. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22354-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Bishop, C. The value of action: mitigating the global impact of neurological disorders. Economist Impacthttps://impact.economist.com/perspectives/healthcare/mitigating-global-impact-neurological-disorders (2022).

Olesen J, Gustavsson A, Svensson M, Wittchen HU, Jönsson B. The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. Eur. J. Neurol. 2012;19:155–162. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03590.x. PubMed DOI

Gooch CL, Pracht E, Borenstein AR. The burden of neurological disease in the United States: a summary report and call to action. Ann. Neurol. 2017;81:479–484. doi: 10.1002/ana.24897. PubMed DOI

NCD Alliance, World Health Organization, The Lancet, Imperial College London. NCD Countdown 2030: Pathways to Achieving Sustainable Development Goal Target 3.4https://ncdalliance.org/resources/ncd-countdown-2030-pathways-to-achieving-sustainable-development-goal-target-34 (2020). PubMed PMC

Remes, J. et al. Prioritizing health: a prescription for prosperity. McKinseyhttps://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/prioritizing-health-a-prescription-for-prosperity (2020).

Derreberry TM, Holroyd S. Dementia in women. Med. Clin. North Am. 2019;103:713–721. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.02.004. PubMed DOI

Smith, E. et al. Closing the Brain Health Gap: addressing women’s inequalities. OUPbloghttps://blog.oup.com/2021/08/closing-the-brain-health-gap-addressing-womens-inequalities/ (2021).

Women’s Brain Project. A Patient’s Journey through Alzheimer’s Diseasehttps://www.womensbrainproject.com/2022/02/02/a-patients-journey-through-alzheimers-disease/ (2022).

Newton CR. Global burden of pediatric neurological disorders. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol. 2018;27:10–15. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Pickering L, et al. Survival and long-term socioeconomic consequences of childhood and adolescent onset of brain tumours. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 2022 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.15467. PubMed DOI

Winkler AS. The growing burden of neurological disorders in low-income and middle-income countries: priorities for policy making. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:200–202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30476-4. PubMed DOI

Feigin VL, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:795–820. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00252-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Owolabi MO, et al. The state of stroke services across the globe: report of World Stroke Organization–World Health Organization surveys. Int. J. Stroke. 2021;16:889–901. doi: 10.1177/17474930211019568. PubMed DOI PMC

Thurman DJ, et al. The primary prevention of epilepsy: a report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018;59:914. doi: 10.1111/epi.14068. PubMed DOI PMC

Guerchet, M. et al. Dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities. Alzheimer’s Disease Internationalhttps://www.alzint.org/u/dementia-sub-saharan-africa.pdf (2017).

Owolabi M, Johnson W, Khan T, Feigin V. Effectively combating stroke in low- and middle-income countries: placing proof in pragmatism — The Lancet Neurology Commission. J. Stroke Med. 2018;1:65–67. doi: 10.1177/2516608518776706. DOI

Shetty P. Grey matter: ageing in developing countries. Lancet. 2012;379:1285–1287. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60541-8. PubMed DOI

WHO. ATLAS Country Resources for Neurological Disordershttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/atlas-country-resources-for-neurological-disorders (2017).

Selvaraj S, Farooqui HH, Karan A. Quantifying the financial burden of households’ out-of-pocket payments on medicines in India: a repeated cross-sectional analysis of National Sample Survey data, 1994–2014. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018020. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018020. PubMed DOI PMC

Xu, K. et al. Public spending on health: a closer look at global trends. World Health Organizationhttps://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-HIS-HGF-HFWorkingPaper-18.3 (2018).

Owolabi MO, Suwanwela NC, Yaria J. Barriers to implementation of evidence into clinical practice in low-resource settings. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2022;18:451–452. doi: 10.1038/s41582-022-00690-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Bharucha N, Odermatt P, Preux PM. Methodological difficulties in the conduct of neuroepidemiological studies in low- and middle-income countries. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42:7–15. doi: 10.1159/000355921. PubMed DOI

Knauss S, et al. An emphasis on neurology in low and middle-income countries. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:1078–1079. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30392-8. PubMed DOI

NCD Countdown 2030 Collaborators. NCD Countdown 2030: efficient pathways and strategic investments to accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4 in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2022;399:1266–1278. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02347-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. What is a Healthy Brain? New Research Explores Perceptions of Cognitive Health among Diverse Older Adultshttps://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/perceptions_of_cog_hlth_factsheet.pdf (2009).

Gorelick PB, et al. Defining optimal brain health in adults: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48:e284–e303. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000148. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang Y, Pan Y, Li H. What is brain health and why is it important? Br. Med. J. 2020;371:m3683. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3683. PubMed DOI PMC

Chen, Y. et al. Defining brain health: a concept analysis. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry10.1002/gps.5564 (2022). PubMed

World Health Organization. Optimizing Brain Health across the Life Course: WHO Position Paperhttps://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240054561 (2022).

Hachinski V, Avan A, Gilliland J, Oveisgharan S. A new definition of brain health. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:335–336. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00102-2. PubMed DOI

Hendrie HC, et al. The NIH Cognitive and Emotional Health Project. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2006;2:12–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2005.11.004. PubMed DOI

World Health Organization. Brain Healthhttps://www.who.int/health-topics/brain-health#tab=tab_1 (2022).

Bradley KL, Goetz T, Viswanathan S. Toward a contemporary definition of health. Mil. Med. 2018;183:204–207. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usy213. PubMed DOI

ILO, FAO, IFAD and WHO. Impact of COVID-19 on People’s Livelihoods, Their Health and Our Food Systemshttps://www.who.int/news/item/13-10-2020-impact-of-covid-19-on-people’s-livelihoods-their-health-and-our-food-systems (2020).

Boyle PA, et al. Effect of purpose in life on the relation between Alzheimer disease pathologic changes on cognitive function in advanced age. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 2012;69:499–505. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1487. PubMed DOI PMC

de Diego-Cordero R, Martos-Lorite I, Vega-Escaño J. Spiritual dimension in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic mapping review. J. Relig. Health. 2022 doi: 10.1007/S10943-022-01683-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Sutin DAR, et al. Sense of meaning and purpose in life and risk of incident dementia: new data and meta-analysis. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2023;105:104847. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104847. PubMed DOI PMC

Rim JI, et al. Current understanding of religion, spirituality, and their neurobiological correlates. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2019;27:303–316. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000232. PubMed DOI PMC

Smith E, et al. A brain capital grand strategy: toward economic reimagination. Mol. Psychiatry. 2020;26:3–22. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00918-w. PubMed DOI PMC

Bassetti CLA, et al. The EAN brain health strategy: one brain, one life, one approach. Eur. J. Neurol. 2022 doi: 10.1111/ENE.15391. PubMed DOI

Schiller D, et al. The human affectome. PsyArXiv. 2022 doi: 10.31234/OSF.IO/9NU32. DOI

Clarke S, Bindschaedler C, Crottaz-Herbette S. Impact of cognitive neuroscience on stroke rehabilitation. Stroke. 2015;46:1408–1413. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.007435. PubMed DOI

Colucci A, et al. Brain–computer interface-controlled exoskeletons in clinical neurorehabilitation: ready or not? Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2022;36:747–756. doi: 10.1177/15459683221138751. PubMed DOI PMC

Lynch, Z. & Laursen, B. The Neuro Revolution: How Brain Science Is Changing Our World (St Martins Griffin, 2010).

Banks J. The neurotechnological revolution: unlocking the brain’s secrets to develop innovative technologies as well as treatments for neurological diseases. IEEE Pulse. 2015;6:10–15. doi: 10.1109/MPUL.2014.2387031. PubMed DOI

Avan A, et al. Brain health: key to health, productivity, and well-being. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2021 doi: 10.1002/ALZ.12478. PubMed DOI

Livingston G, et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020;396:413–446. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Feigin VL, Owolabi M, Hankey GJ, Pandian J, Martins SC. Digital health in primordial and primary stroke prevention: a systematic review. Stroke. 2022;29:1008–1019. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036400. PubMed DOI

Yaria J, et al. Quality of stroke guidelines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull. World Health Organ. 2021;99:640–652E. doi: 10.2471/BLT.21.285845. PubMed DOI PMC

World Health Organization. Epilepsy: A Public Health Imperative 1–146 (WHO, 2019).

Williams, J. & Kennedy, C. in Principles and Practice of Child Neurology in Infancy (ed. Kennedy, C.) 88–107 (Mac Keith, 2020).

Sikonja J, et al. Towards achieving equity and innovation in newborn screening across Europe. Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2022;8:31. doi: 10.3390/ijns8020031. PubMed DOI PMC

Opladen T, et al. U-IMD: the first Unified European registry for inherited metabolic diseases. Orphanet J. Rare Dis. 2021;16:95. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01726-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Dawson WD, et al. The necessity of diplomacy in brain health. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:972–974. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30358-6. PubMed DOI PMC

Medina MT, et al. Reduction in rate of epilepsy from neurocysticercosis by community interventions: the Salamá, Honduras study. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1177–1185. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02945.x. PubMed DOI

Carroll WM. The global burden of neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:418–419. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30029-8. PubMed DOI

MS Brain Health. Brain Health: Time Matter in Multiple Sclerosishttps://www.msbrainhealth.org/recommendations/brain-health-report/ (2018).

World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health (2001).

Oliver DJ, et al. A consensus review on the development of palliative care for patients with chronic and progressive neurological disease. Eur. J. Neurol. 2016;23:30–38. doi: 10.1111/ene.12889. PubMed DOI

Owolabi MO. Consistent determinants of post-stroke health-related quality of life across diverse cultures: Berlin–Ibadan study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2013;128:311–320. PubMed

Kalra L. Faith under the microscope. Stroke. 2007;38:848–849. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000257979.08702.b6. PubMed DOI

Kim LJ, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Sleep awareness and education among clinical practitioners. Clin. Med. 2017;17:380. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.17-4-380. PubMed DOI PMC

World Stroke Organization. A Life Free from Stroke-World Stroke Organization’s Global Policy Agenda 1–19 https://www.world-stroke.org/assets/downloads/Advocacy_priorities_online.pdf (2022).

Hood L, Balling R, Auffray C. Revolutionizing medicine in the 21st century through systems approaches. Biotechnol. J. 2012;7:1001. doi: 10.1002/biot.201100306. PubMed DOI PMC

Hachinski V. The convergence of stroke and dementia. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 2018;76:849–852. doi: 10.1590/0004-282x20180148. PubMed DOI

Wang R, et al. Shared risk and protective factors between Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke: a population-based longitudinal study. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2021;17:191–204. doi: 10.1002/alz.12203. PubMed DOI

Pan Y, Li H, Wardlaw JM, Wang Y. A new dawn of preventing dementia by preventing cerebrovascular diseases. Br. Med. J. 2020;371:m3692. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3692. PubMed DOI PMC

Brainin M, et al. Global prevention of stroke and dementia: the WSO Declaration. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:487–488. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30141-1. PubMed DOI

Avan A, Hachinski V. Stroke and dementia, leading causes of neurological disability and death, potential for prevention. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2021;17:1072–1076. doi: 10.1002/alz.12340. PubMed DOI

Vergara López S, et al. Epilepsy diagnosis based on one unprovoked seizure and ≥60% risk. A systematic review of the etiologies. Epilepsy Behav. 2021;125:108392. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108392. PubMed DOI

Owolabi M, Miranda JJ, Yaria J, Ovbiagele B. Controlling cardiovascular diseases in low and middle income countries by placing proof in pragmatism. BMJ Glob. Health. 2016;1:e000105. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000105. PubMed DOI PMC

Brain health and national neurological societies: Results of the European Academy of Neurology survey on brain health awareness and areas of implementation for European countries