Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climates. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations, particularly for the temperature-sensitive series. Correlations are somewhat lower for precipitation-sensitive series. Overall, we ascribe considerable potential to documentary records as climate data, especially in regions and seasons not well represented by early instrumental data and palaeoclimate proxies.

ARC Centre for Climate Extremes The Australian National University Canberra Australia

Argentine Institute of Nivology Glaciology and Environmental Sciences Mendoza Argentina

CSFK MTA Centre of Excellence Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15 17 Budapest Hungary

Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica Universidad Complutense Madrid Spain

Departamento de Sistemas Físicos Químicos y Naturales Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville Spain

Department of Biology York University Toronto Ontario Canada

Department of Biometeorological Applications Czech Hydrometeorological Institute Prague Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry and Physics University of Almería Almería Spain

Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Science Florida State University Tallahassee Florida USA

Department of Geography Autonomous University of Madrid Madrid Spain

Department of Geography College of Science University of Lincoln Lincoln UK

Department of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa

Department of Geography Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Geography King's College London London UK

Department of Geography Swansea University Swansea UK

Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina

Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australia

Global Change Research Institute Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Graduate Institute of Environmental Education National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan

Graduate School of Agriculture Osaka Metropolitan University Osaka Japan

IGEO Instituto de Geociencias Madrid Spain

Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences Budapest Hungary

Institute for Soil Sciences Budapest Hungary

Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Institute of History Department of Economic Social and Environmental History University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management Vienna University of Technology Vienna Austria

Instituto de Geociencias CSIC UCM Madrid Spain

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CNRS CEA UVSQ Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette France

National Museum of Natural Sciences Spanish Research Council Madrid Spain

National Research Council Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Corso Stati Uniti 4 Padua Italy

Natural Resources Institute Finland Helsinki Finland

Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Research Center for Environmental Changes Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan

School of Applied Sciences University of Brighton Brighton United Kingdom

School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

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Climate, peace, and conflict-past and present: Bridging insights from historical sciences and contemporary research

DOCU-CLIM: A global documentary climate dataset for climate reconstructions