Metagenomics provides a tool to assess the functional potential of environmental and host-associated microbiomes based on the analysis of environmental DNA: assembly, gene prediction and annotation. While gene prediction is straightforward for most bacterial and archaeal taxa, it has limited applicability in the majority of eukaryotic organisms, including fungi that contain introns in gene coding sequences. As a consequence, eukaryotic genes are underrepresented in metagenomics datasets and our understanding of the contribution of fungi and other eukaryotes to microbiome functioning is limited. Here, we developed a machine intelligence-based algorithm that predicts fungal introns in environmental DNA with reasonable precision and used it to improve the annotation of environmental metagenomes. Intron removal increased the number of predicted genes by up to 9.1% and improved the annotation of several others. The proportion of newly predicted genes increased with the share of eukaryotic genes in the metagenome and-within fungal taxa-increased with the number of introns per gene. Our approach provides a tool named SVMmycointron for improved metagenome annotation, especially of microbiomes with a high proportion of eukaryotes. The scripts described in the paper are made publicly available and can be readily utilized by microbiome researchers analysing metagenomics data.

Department of Computer Science Czech Technical University Prague Praha Czech Republic

Department of Environmental Microbiology UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany

Department of Genetics and Microbiology Charles University Praha Czech Republic

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Praha Czech Republic

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RefSeq
PRJNA603240, SRX099567, SRX1686623, SRX1990991, SRX2488989, SRX2575203, SRX2720157, SRX3197864, SRX691280, SRX1557139, SRX1944669, SRX2316877, SRX2538108, SRX2648762, SRX2939063, SRX665338, SRX732059