The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset - with data collected between 2020 and 2022 - to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

Arabic Program Department Modern College of Business and Science Muscat Oman

Asian Studies Department Faculty of International Studies Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus Phuket Thailand

Biostatics and Research Methods Unit School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Malaysia

Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil; Institute of Psychiatry University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Central Department of Psychology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders Department of Psychological Medicine Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom

CentroSan Isidoro University Center Seville Spain

Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Quito Ecuador

Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Quito Ecuador

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences Chapman University Orange United States of America

Department of Addiction School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Business Administration Reykjavik University Reykjavik Iceland

Department of Clinical Psychology United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates

Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Consumer Behavior University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Department of Consumer Behavior University of Bern Bern Switzerland; Max Planck Institute for Human Development Berlin Germany

Department of Counseling School and Educational Psychology Graduate School of Education University at Buffalo SUNY Buffalo United States of America

Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare Handong Global University Pohang South Korea

Department of Dermatology Venereology and Andrology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Education Languages Intercultures Literatures and Psychology University of Florence Florence Italy

Department of Education University of Almería Almería Spain

Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance Faculty of Education Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham Thailand

Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia; Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Family and Community Medicine School of Community Medicine University of Oklahoma Tulsa United States of America

Department of General Education Disciplines Astana IT University Astana Kazakhstan

Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy

Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa Hospital Psychology Padova University Hospital Padova Italy

Department of General Studies The Polytechnic Ibadan Nigeria

Department of General Studies The Polytechnic Ibadan Nigeria; Department of Psychology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Health Management and Healthcare Economics Faculty of Public Health Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Health Physical Education and Recreation University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Department of Health Sciences DePaul University Chicago United States of America

Department of Human Anatomy Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Hygiene Faculty of Public Health Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Kinesiology and Health Science Utah State University Logan UnitedStates of America

Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Norwegian Business School Oslo Norway

Department of Management Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College Doha Qatar

Department of Management University of Agder Kristiansand Norway

Department of Managerial Psychology The University of Presov Presov Slovakia

Department of Medical Psychology and Psychosomatics Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czechia

Department of Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Bartın University Bartın Turkiye

Department of Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Munzur University Tunceli Turkiya

Department of Natural Sciences School of Arts and Sciences Lebanese American University Beirut Lebanon

Department of Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences Istanbul Gedik University Istanbul Turkiye

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing Vision Colleges Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism Management Clemson University Clemson United States of America

Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Obesity and Metabolic Bone Diseases Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland

Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports Poznań University of Physical Education Poznań Poland

Department of Physical Education São Judas Tadeu University São Paulo Brazil

Department of Physiology Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Puducherry India

Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany

Department of Psychiatry University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint Jérôme Canada

Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint Jérôme Canada; Cyberpsychology Laboratory Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint Jérôme Canada

Department of Psychology Aberystwyth University Ceredigion United Kingdom

Department of Psychology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iași Romania

Department of Psychology and Behavioural Studies Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti Nigeria

Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Krems an der Donau Austria

Department of Psychology College of Education Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman; Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts Menoufia University Shebin el Kom Egypt

Department of Psychology D A 5 College Muzaffarnagar India

Department of Psychology D A 5 College Muzaffarnagar India; M M D Public School Brahmpuri Muzaffarnagar India

Department of Psychology De La Salle University Phillippines

Department of Psychology Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkiye

Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Human Science University of Maragheh Maragheh Iran

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai Thailand

Department of Psychology Faculty of Liberal Arts Thammasat University Pathumthani Thailand

Department of Psychology Graduate School of Arts and Science New York University New York United States of America

Department of Psychology Islamic Azad University Bandar Gaz Iran

Department of Psychology Kashi Naresh Government Post Graduate College Gyanpur India

Department of Psychology Koc University Istanbul Turkiye

Department of Psychology Koç University Istanbul Turkiye

Department of Psychology Lingnan University Hong Kong China

Department of Psychology Lingnan University Hong Kong China; Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre Lingnan University Hong Kong China

Department of Psychology Massey University Auckland New Zealand

Department of Psychology Middlesex University Dubai Dubai United Arab Emirates

Department of Psychology National Chung Cheng University Chia Yi Taiwan

Department of Psychology Neapolis University Pafos Paphos Cyprus

Department of Psychology Saint Mary's University Halifax Canada

Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Psychology School of Health Sciences in Katowice Medical University of Silesia Katowice Poland

Department of Psychology Soochow University Taipei Taiwan

Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus United States of America

Department of Psychology Universidad del Norte Barranquilla Colombia

Department of Psychology Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta Indonesia

Department of Psychology Université du Québec à Trois Rivières Trois Rivières Canada

Department of Psychology University of Allahabad Prayagraj India

Department of Psychology University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Caserta Italy

Department of Psychology University of Chittagong Chattogram Bangladesh

Department of Psychology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Department of Psychology University of Essex Colchester United Kingdom

Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Psychology University of Malta Msida Malta

Department of Psychology University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia

Department of Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Psychology University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Brazil; Department of Nutrition University of Ribeirão Preto Ribeirão Preto Brazil

Department of Psychology University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan

Department of Psychology University of the Andes Bogotá Colombia

Department of Psychology University of Zadar Zadar Croatia

Department of Psychology Virginia Wesleyan University Virginia Beach United States of America

Department of Psychology West University of Timişoara Timişoara Romania

Department of Psychology Yonsei University Seoul South Korea

Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education University of València València Spain

Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences College of Dentistry Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Department of Social Sciences Payam Noor University Tehran Iran

Department of Sociology and Social Justice Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti Nigeria

Department of Sociology and Social Work Al Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty Kazakhstan; Department of General Education Disciplines Astana IT University Astana Kazakhstan

Department of Sports Physical Education and Outdoor Studies University of South Eastern Norway Bø Telemark Norway

Department of Textile and Fashion Design Alzahra University Tehran Iran

Department of Undergraduate Studies Temple University Japan Campus Tokyo Japan

Department of Work and Social Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht the Netherlands

Discipline of Marketing J E Cairnes School of Business and Economics University of Galway Galway Ireland

Division of Research Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Doctoral School of Psychology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

ÉCOBES Research and Transfer Cégep de Jonquière Québec Canada

Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative Khulna Bangladesh; Environmental Science Discipline Life Science School Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh

Exercise and Sport Sciences School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Malaysia

Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Muyuna Ecuador

Faculty of Education Psychology and Art University of Latvia Rīga Latvia

Faculty of Health Care University of Miskolc Miskolc Hungary

Faculty of Health Professions Al Quds University East Jerusalem Palestine

Faculty of Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan

Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences Simón Bolívar University Barranquilla Colombia; Life Science Research Centre Simón Bolívar University Barranquilla Colombia

Faculty of Life Sciences Medical School Hamburg Hamburg Germany

Faculty of Medicine of Monastir Eya Medical Centre Monastir Tunisia

Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Medicine University of Sousse Sousse Tunisia

Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland

Faculty of Organizational Sciences University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Psychology and Education Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Malaysia

Faculty of Psychology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

Faculty of Psychology Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences Athens Greece

Faculty of Psychology Pontifical University of Salamanca Salamanca Spain

Faculty of Public Health Al Quds University East Jerusalem Palestine

Faculty of Social and Humanities University WSB Merito Gdansk Poland

Faculty of Social Sciences University of Palermo Buenos Aires Argentina

Faculty of Social Sciences Vidzeme University of Applied Sciences Valmiera Latvia

Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Southeast Minas Gerais Barbacena Brazil

Graduate Program in Food Nutrition and Food Engineering São Paulo State University São Paulo Brazil

Health Research and Innovation Science Centre Faculty of Health Sciences Klaipeda University Klaipeda Lithuania

Hertfordshire Business School University of Hertfordshire Hatfield United Kingdom

Human Flourishing Program Harvard University Cambridge United States of America

INSPECT LB National Institute of Public Health Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology Beirut Lebanon; School of Pharmacy Lebanese International University Beirut Lebanon

Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences Beijing Normal University Zhuhai China

Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek Primary School Montessori Maribor Slovenia

Institute of Pedagogy University of Bielsko Biala Bielsko Biala Poland

Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia

Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czechia; Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland

Institute of Psychology Marie Curie Skłodowska University Lublin Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Gdańsk Gdańsk Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Pécs Pécs Hungary

Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Psychology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Institute of Social Sciences of the Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences Košice Slovakia; Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences Institute of Pedagogy Andragogy and Psychology University of Prešov Prešov Slovakia

Institute of Social Sciences Universidad de O'Higgins Rancagua Chile

International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research Puducherry India

KOSHISH National Mental Health Self Help Organization Kusunti Lalitpur Nepal

Lab of Light and Physio Psychological Health National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics South China Normal University Guangzhou China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics South China Normal University Guangzhou China

Laboratory of Social Psychology Aix Marseille University Aix en Provence France

Oral Diagnostics and Surgical Sciences UWA Dental School The University of Western Australia Nedlands Australia

Physical Education Unit Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Regional Department for Eating Disorders Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Research Center in Business Sciences and Tourism of Consuelo Vieira da Costa Foundation Porto Portugal

Royal College of Surgeons Ireland Bahrain Adliya Bahrain

Sakarya Business School Sakarya University Sakarya Turkiye

Santa Lucia Foundation Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare Rome Italy

School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Gold Coast Australia

School of Applied Psychology University College Cork Cork Ireland

School of Behavioral Sciences The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo Tel Aviv Yafo Israel

School of Behavioral Sciences The Academic College of Tel Aviv Yaffo Tel Aviv Yafo Israel; Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States of America

School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast Moreton Bay Australia

School of Medicine and Medical Sciences Holy Spirit University of Kaslik Jounieh Lebanon; Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman 11931 Jordan

School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia

School of Psychology and Sport Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom

School of Psychology and Sport Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom; Centre for Psychological Medicine Perdana University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

School of Psychology Deakin University Geelong Australia

School of Psychology Faculty of Health Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom

School of Psychology Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Penalolen Chile; Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center Monterrey Mexico

School of Psychology University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia

School of Social Sciences Heriot Watt University Malaysia Putrajaya Malaysia

School of Social Work University of Missouri Columbia United States of America

Slovene Centre for Suicide Research Andrej Marusic Institute University of Primorska Koper Slovenia; Department of Psychology FAMNIT University of Primorska Koper Slovenia

Social and Education Sciences Department School of Arts and Sciences Lebanese American University Jbeil Lebanon

Systems Engineering and Engineering Management University of North Carolina Chapel Hill United States of America

Teacher Education and Learning Leadership Academic Unit Faculty of Education The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Vice rectory for Teaching Research and Extension Universida Latina de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica

References provided by Crossref.org