Sexual development in ADHD and internet pornography consumption
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Language English Country Switzerland Media electronic-ecollection
Document type Journal Article
PubMed
37614646
PubMed Central
PMC10442643
DOI
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240222
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- Keywords
- ADHD, anxiety, compulsive behavior, depression, hypersexuality, pornography,
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Development of sexual identity during adolescence is a major process of transition in individual life which in cases of ADHD specifically interacts with other ontogenetic, pathological and psychosocial conditions. According to recent findings growing consumption of internet pornography mainly in male ADHD population is closely related to compulsive sexual behavior and hypersexuality. Recent findings also indicate that consumption of internet pornography in ADHD individuals and other sexual activities may serve as a mood-altering "self-medication" which may help to cope with stressful events and decrease depression and anxiety. Taken together recent findings indicate that internet pornography consumption mainly in ADHD individuals is closely related to stressful experiences, anxiety, depression and identity problems in partnerships which significantly increase their vulnerability to the so-called "problematic pornography use" and other forms of addictive sexual behavior. From this developmental perspective "problematic pornography use" in ADHD individuals represents significant epidemiological problem which requires further research mainly with focus on clinical diagnostics and treatment.
See more in PubMed
Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, Griffiths MD, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Revisiting the role of impulsivity and compulsivity in problematic sexual behaviors. J Sex Res. (2019) 56:166–79. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1480744, PMID: PubMed DOI
Fortenberry JD. Puberty and adolescent sexuality. Horm Behav. (2013) 64:280–7. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Mulhauser KR, Struthers WM, Hook JN, Pyykkonen BA, Womack SD, MacDonald M. Performance on the Iowa gambling task in a sample of hypersexual men. Sex Addict Compuls. (2014) 21:170–83. doi: 10.1080/10720162.2014.908333 DOI
Walton MT, Cantor JM, Lykins AD. An online assessment of personality, psychological, and sexuality trait variables associated with self-reported hypersexual behavior. Arch Sex Behav. (2017) 46:721–33. doi: 10.1007/s10508-015-0606-1, PMID: PubMed DOI
Bőthe B, Koós M, Tóth-Király I, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Investigating the associations of adult ADHD symptoms, hypersexuality, and problematic pornography use among men and women on a largescale, non-clinical sample. J Sex Med. (2019) 16:489–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.312, PMID: PubMed DOI
Levi G, Cohen C, Kaliche S, Sharaabi S, Cohen K, Tzur-Bitan D, et al. . Sexual addiction, compulsivity, and impulsivity among a predominantly female sample of adults who use the internet for sex. J Behav Addict. (2020) 9:83–92. doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00007, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Niazof D, Weizman A, Weinstein A. The contribution of ADHD and attachment difficulties to online pornography use among students. Compr Psychiatry. (2019) 93:56–60. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.07.002, PMID: PubMed DOI
Bob P, Konicarova J, Raboch J. Disinhibition of primitive reflexes in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder: insight into specific mechanisms in girls and boys. Front Psych. (2021) 12:430685. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.430685, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Grubbs JB, Kraus SW, Perry SL. Self-reported addiction to pornography in a nationally representative sample: the roles of use habits, religiousness, and moral incongruence. J Behav Addict. (2019) 8:88–93. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.134, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Lewczuk K, Wójcik A, Gola M. Increase in the prevalence of online pornography use: objective data analysis from the period between 2004 and 2016 in Poland. Arch Sex Behav. (2019) 51:1157–71. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/tmn4r PubMed DOI PMC
Price J, Patterson R, Regnerus M, Walley J. How much more XXX is generation X consuming? Evidence of changing attitudes and behaviors related to pornography since 1973. J Sex Res. (2016) 53:12–20. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2014.1003773, PMID: PubMed DOI
Rissel C, Richters J, De Visser RO, McKee A, Yeung A, Caruana T. A profile of pornography users in Australia: findings from the second Australian study of health and relationships. J Sex Res. (2017) 54:227–40. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1191597, PMID: PubMed DOI
Schöttle D, Briken P, Tüscher O, Turner D. Sexuality in autism: hypersexual and paraphilic behavior in women and men with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. (2017) 19:381–93. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.4/dschoettle, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Turner D, Briken P, Schöttle D. Sexual dysfunctions and their association with the dual control model of sexual response in men and women with high-functioning autism. J Clin Med. (2019) 8:425. doi: 10.3390/jcm8040425, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Bob P, Konicarova J. ADHD, stress, and development. New York: Springer; (2018).
Franke B, Michelini G, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Bilbow A, Buitelaar JK, et al. . Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. (2018) 28:1059–88. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Polanczyk G, De Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatr. (2007) 164:942–8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942, PMID: PubMed DOI
Simon V, Czobor P, Bálint S, Mészáros A, Bitter I. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. (2009) 194:204–11. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827, PMID: PubMed DOI
Reimherr FW, Roesler M, Marchant BK, Gift TE, Retz W, Philipp-Wiegmann F, et al. . Types of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a replication analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. (2020) 81:21798. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m13077, PMID: PubMed DOI
Retz W, Stieglitz RD, Corbisiero S, Retz-Junginger P, Rösler M. Emotional dysregulation in adult ADHD: what is the empirical evidence? Expert Rev Neurother. (2012) 12:1241–51. doi: 10.1586/ern.12.109, PMID: PubMed DOI
Pollak Y, Dekkers TJ, Shoham R, Huizenga HM. Risk-taking behavior in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of potential underlying mechanisms and of interventions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. (2019) 21:33–11. doi: 10.1007/s11920-019-1019-y, PMID: PubMed DOI
Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2006) 45:192–202. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2, PMID: PubMed DOI
Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, et al. . A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med. (2012) 10:1–15. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-99, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Sedgwick JA, Merwood A, Asherson P. The positive aspects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a qualitative investigation of successful adults with ADHD. ADHD Attent Defic Hyperact Disord. (2019) 11:241–53. doi: 10.1007/s12402-018-0277-6, PMID: PubMed DOI
Jangmo A, Stålhandske A, Chang Z, Chen Q, Almqvist C, Feldman I, et al. . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, school performance, and effect of medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2019) 58:423–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.014, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Küpper T, Haavik J, Drexler H, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Wermelskirchen D, Prutz C, et al. . The negative impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on occupational health in adults and adolescents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. (2012) 85:837–47. doi: 10.1007/s00420-012-0794-0, PMID: PubMed DOI
Retz W, Ginsberg Y, Turner D, Barra S, Retz-Junginger P, Larsson H, et al. . Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisociality and delinquent behavior over the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2021) 120:236–48. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025, PMID: PubMed DOI
Vaa T. ADHD and relative risk of accidents in road traffic: a meta-analysis. Accid Anal Prev. (2014) 62:415–25. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.003, PMID: PubMed DOI
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Mick E, Monuteaux MC, Aleardi M. Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: a controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry. (2006) 67:524–40. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0403, PMID: PubMed DOI
De Boo GM, Prins PJ. Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training. Clin Psychol Rev. (2007) 27:78–97. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.006, PMID: PubMed DOI
Gardner DM, Gerdes AC. A review of peer relationships and friendships in youth with ADHD. J Atten Disord. (2015) 19:844–55. doi: 10.1177/1087054713501552, PMID: PubMed DOI
Reid RC, Davtian M, Lenartowicz A, Torrevillas RM, Fong TW. Perspectives on the assessment and treatment of adult ADHD in hypersexual men. Neuropsychiatry. (2013) 3:295–308. doi: 10.2217/npy.13.31 DOI
Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ, Wasserstein J, Kofman MD. Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. (2008) 11:728–36. doi: 10.1177/1087054707305100, PMID: PubMed DOI
Eakin L, Minde K, Hechtman L, Ochs E, Krane E, Bouffard R, et al. . The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses. J Atten Disord. (2004) 8:1–10. doi: 10.1177/108705470400800101, PMID: PubMed DOI
Bruner MR, Kuryluk AD, Whitton SW. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom levels and romantic relationship quality in college students. J Am Coll Heal. (2015) 63:98–108. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2014.975717, PMID: PubMed DOI
Canu WH, Tabor LS, Michael KD, Bazzini DG, Elmore AL. Young adult romantic couples’ conflict resolution and satisfaction varies with partner’s attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder type. J Marital Fam Ther. (2014) 40:509–24. doi: 10.1111/jmft.12018, PMID: PubMed DOI
Wymbs BT, Dawson AE, Suhr JA, Bunford N, Gidycz CA. ADHD symptoms as risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization. J Interpers Violence. (2017) 32:659–81. doi: 10.1177/0886260515586371, PMID: PubMed DOI
Greenfield B, Hechtman L, Stehli A, Wigal T. Sexual maturation among youth with ADHD and the impact of stimulant medication. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2014) 23:835–9. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0521-3, PMID: PubMed DOI
Kraus SW, Martino S, Potenza MN. Clinical characteristics of men interested in seeking treatment for use of pornography. J Behav Addict. (2016) 5:169–78. doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.036, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Trzepacz PT, Spencer TJ, Zhang S, Bangs ME, Witte MM, Desaiah D. Effect of atomoxetine on Tanner stage sexual development in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: 18-month results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Curr Med Res Opin. (2011) 27:45–52. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2011.599372, PMID: PubMed DOI
Wéry A, Vogelaere K, Challet-Bouju G, Poudat FX, Caillon J, Lever D, et al. . Characteristics of self-identified sexual addicts in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic. J Behav Addict. (2016) 5:623–30. doi: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.071, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Reid RC, Carpenter BN, Gilliland R, Karim R. Problems of self-concept in a patient sample of hypersexual men with attention-deficit disorder. J Addict Med. (2011) 5:134–40. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181e6ad32, PMID: PubMed DOI
Miner MH, Romine RS, Raymond N, Janssen E, MacDonald A, Coleman E. Understanding the personality and behavioral mechanisms defining hypersexuality in men who have sex with men. J Sex Med. (2016) 13:1323–31. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.06.015, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Blankenship R, Laaser M. Sexual addiction and ADHD: is there a connection? Sex Addict Compuls. (2004) 11:7–20. doi: 10.1080/10720160490458184 DOI
Kafka MP, Hennen J. The paraphilia-related disorders: an empirical investigation of nonparaphilic hypersexuality disorders in outpatient males. J Sex Marital Ther. (1999) 25:305–19. doi: 10.1080/00926239908404008, PMID: PubMed DOI
Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF, Sigfusdottir ID, Young S. An epidemiological study of ADHD symptoms among young persons and the relationship with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. (2012) 53:304–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02489.x, PMID: PubMed DOI
Smith KE, Lavender JM, Leventhal AM, Mason TB. Facets of impulsivity in relation to diet quality and physical activity in adolescence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2021) 18:613. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020613, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Wilens TE, Adamson J, Sgambati S, Whitley J, Santry A, Monuteaux MC, et al. . Do individuals with ADHD self-medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? Results from a controlled family study of ADHD. Am J Addict. (2007) 16:14–23. doi: 10.1080/10550490601082742 PubMed DOI
Blum K, Chen ALC, Braverman ER, Comings DE, Chen TJ, Arcuri V, et al. . Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. (2008) 4:893–918. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s2627, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Curry I, Luk JW, Trim RS, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK, Stallings MC, et al. . Impulsivity dimensions and risky sex behaviors in an at-risk young adult sample. Arch Sex Behav. (2018) 47:529–36. doi: 10.1007/s10508-017-1054-x, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Charnigo R, Noar SM, Garnett C, Crosby R, Palmgreen P, Zimmerman RS. Sensation seeking and impulsivity: combined associations with risky sexual behavior in a large sample of young adults. J Sex Res. (2013) 50:480–8. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2011.652264, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Dir AL, Coskunpinar A, Cyders MA. A meta-analytic review of the relationship between adolescent risky sexual behavior and impulsivity across gender, age, and race. Clin Psychol Rev. (2014) 34:551–62. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.08.004, PMID: PubMed DOI
Ramrakha S, Bell ML, Paul C, Dickson N, Moffitt TE, Caspi A. Childhood behavior problems linked to sexual risk taking in young adulthood: a birth cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2007) 46:1272–9. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e3180f6340e, PMID: PubMed DOI
Rokeach A, Wiener J. The romantic relationships of adolescents with ADHD. J Atten Disord. (2018) 22:35–45. doi: 10.1177/1087054714538660, PMID: PubMed DOI
Fanti KA, Kyranides MN, Lordos A, Colins OF, Andershed H. Unique and interactive associations of callous-unemotional traits, impulsivity and grandiosity with child and adolescent conduct disorder symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. (2018) 40:40–9. doi: 10.1007/s10862-018-9655-9 DOI
Frick PJ. Integrating research on temperament and childhood psychopathology: its pitfalls and promise. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. (2004) 33:2–7. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_1, PMID: PubMed DOI
Holmes SE, Slaughter JR, Kashani J. Risk factors in childhood that lead to the development of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. (2001) 31:183–93. doi: 10.1023/a:1026425304480, PMID: PubMed DOI
Sebastian A, Retz W, Tüscher O, Turner D. Violent offending in borderline personality disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropharmacology. (2019) 156:107565. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.008, PMID: PubMed DOI
Tull MT, Weiss NH, Adams CE, Gratz KL. The contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to risky sexual behavior within a sample of patients in residential substance abuse treatment. Addict Behav. (2012) 37:1084–92. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.001, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Weiss NH, Forkus SR, Contractor AA, Darosh AG, Goncharenko S, Dixon-Gordon KL. Do difficulties regulating positive emotions contribute to risky sexual behavior? A path analysis. Arch Sex Behav. (2019) 48:2075–87. doi: 10.1007/s10508-019-1410-0, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Abdel-Hamid M, Basilowski M, Schönfeld B, Bartels C, Anderson-Schmidt H, Hessmann P, et al. . Sexual dysfunction in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. Can J Hum Sex. (2021) 30:106–13. doi: 10.3138/cjhs.2020-0036 DOI
Amani Jabalkandi S, Raisi F, Shahrivar Z, Mohammadi A, Meysamie A, Firoozikhojastefar R, et al. . A study on sexual functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Perspect Psychiatr Care. (2020) 56:642–8. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12480, PMID: PubMed DOI
Briscoe-Smith AM, Hinshaw SP. Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls: behavioral and social correlates. Child Abuse Negl. (2006) 30:1239–55. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.008, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Margherio SM, Capps ER, Monopoli JW, Evans SW, Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Owens JS, et al. . Romantic relationships and sexual behavior among adolescents with ADHD. J Atten Disord. (2021) 25:1466–78. doi: 10.1177/1087054720914371, PMID: PubMed DOI
Messman-Moore TL, Walsh KL, DiLillo D. Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization. Child Abuse Negl. (2010) 34:967–76. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.06.004, PMID: PubMed DOI
Rahman Q, Xu Y, Lippa RA, Vasey PL. Prevalence of sexual orientation across 28 nations and its association with gender equality, economic development, and individualism. Arch Sex Behav. (2020) 49:595–606. doi: 10.1007/s10508-019-01590-0, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Rucklidge JJ, Brown DL, Crawford S, Kaplan BJ. Retrospective reports of childhood trauma in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. (2006) 9:631–41. doi: 10.1177/1087054705283892, PMID: PubMed DOI
Wang J, Dey M, Soldati L, Weiss MG, Gmel G, Mohler-Kuo M. Psychiatric disorders, suicidality, and personality among young men by sexual orientation. Eur Psychiatry. (2014) 29:514–22. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.05.001, PMID: PubMed DOI
Babinski DE, Pelham WE, Jr, Molina BS, Gnagy EM, Waschbusch DA, Yu J, et al. . Late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood: an exploratory investigation. J Atten Disord. (2011) 15:204–14. doi: 10.1177/1087054710361586, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Canu WH, Carlson GL. Differences in heterosocial behavior and outcomes of ADHD-symptomatic subtypes in a college sample. J Atten Disord. (2003) 6:123–33. doi: 10.1177/108705470300600304, PMID: PubMed DOI
Halkett A, Hinshaw SP. Initial engagement in oral sex and sexual intercourse among adolescent girls with and without childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Sex Behav. (2021) 50:181–90. doi: 10.1007/s10508-020-01733-8, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Sarver DE, McCart MR, Sheidow AJ, Letourneau EJ. ADHD and risky sexual behavior in adolescents: conduct problems and substance use as mediators of risk. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. (2014) 55:1345–53. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12249, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Kafka MP, Prentky RA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders: a comorbidity study. J Clin Psychiatry. (1998) 59:388–96. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v59n0709, PMID: PubMed DOI
Hall P. A biopsychosocial view of sex addiction. Sex Relatsh Ther. (2011) 26:217–28. doi: 10.1080/14681994.2011.628310 DOI
Karila L, Wery A, Weinstein A, Cottencin O, Petit A, Reynaud M, et al. . Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature. Curr Pharm Des. (2014) 20:4012–20. doi: 10.2174/13816128113199990619, PMID: PubMed DOI
Weinstein AM, Zolek R, Babkin A, Cohen K, Lejoyeux M. Factors predicting cybersex use and difficulties in forming intimate relationships among male and female users of cybersex. Front Psych. (2015) 6:54. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00054, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Zapf JL, Greiner J, Carroll J. Attachment styles and male sex addiction. Sex Addict Compuls. (2008) 15:158–75. doi: 10.1080/10720160802035832 DOI
Privara M, Bob P. Pornography consumption and cognitive-affective distress. J Nerv Ment. (2023) PubMed PMC
Zlot Y, Goldstein M, Cohen K, Weinstein A. Online dating is associated with sex addiction and social anxiety. J Behav Addict. (2018) 7:821–6. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.66, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Soldati L, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Schockaert P, Köhl J, Bolmont M, Hasler R, et al. . Sexual function, sexual dysfunctions, and ADHD: a systematic literature review. J Sex Med. (2020) 17:1653–64. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.03.019, PMID: PubMed DOI
Soldati L, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Schockaert P, Köhl J, Bolmont M, Hasler R, et al. . Association of ADHD and hypersexuality and paraphilias. Psychiatry Res. (2021) 295:113638. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113638, PMID: PubMed DOI
Hertz PG, Turner D, Barra S, Biedermann L, Retz-Junginger P, Schöttle D, et al. . Sexuality in adults with ADHD: results of an online survey. Front Psych. (2022) 13:868278. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868278 PubMed DOI PMC
Briken P, Matthiesen S, Pietras L, Wiessner C, Klein V, Reed GM, et al. . Estimating the prevalence of sexual dysfunction using the new ICD-11 guidelines: results of the first representative, population-based German health and sexuality survey (GeSiD). Dtsch Arztebl Int. (2020) 117:653–8. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0653, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Chen L, Yang Y, Su W, Zheng L, Ding C, Potenza MN. The relationship between sexual sensation seeking and problematic internet pornography use: a moderated mediation model examining roles of online sexual activities and the third-person effect. J Behav Addict. (2018) 7:565–73. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.77, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Hald GM, Mulya TW. Pornography consumption and non-marital sexual behaviour in a sample of young Indonesian university students. Cult Health Sex. (2013) 15:981–96. doi: 10.1080/13691058.2013.802013, PMID: PubMed DOI
Peter J, Valkenburg PM. Adolescents and pornography: a review of 20 years of research. J Sex Res. (2016) 53:509–31. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441, PMID: PubMed DOI
Efrati Y, Gola M. Understanding and predicting profiles of compulsive sexual behavior among adolescents. J Behav Addict. (2018) 7:1004–14. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.100, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Štulhofer A, Rousseau A, Shekarchi R. A two-wave assessment of the structure and stability of self-reported problematic pornography use among male Croatian adolescents. Int J Sex Health. (2020) 32:151–64. doi: 10.1080/19317611.2020.1765940 DOI
Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Potenza MN, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. High-frequency pornography use may not always be problematic. J Sex Med. (2020) 17:793–811. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.007, PMID: PubMed DOI
Cooper AL, Delmonico DL, Griffin-Shelley E, Mathy RM. Online sexual activity: an examination of potentially problematic behaviors. Sex Addict Compuls. (2004) 11:129–43. doi: 10.1080/10720160490882642 DOI
Svedin CG, Åkerman I, Priebe G. Frequent users of pornography. A population based epidemiological study of Swedish male adolescents. J Adolesc. (2011) 34:779–88. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.04.010, PMID: PubMed DOI
Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Bergeron S. Self-perceived problematic pornography use: beyond individual differences and religiosity. Arch Sex Behav. (2019) 48:437–41. doi: 10.1007/s10508-018-1292-6, PMID: PubMed DOI
Wordecha M, Wilk M, Kowalewska E, Skorko M, Łapiński A, Gola M. “Pornographic binges” as a key characteristic of males seeking treatment for compulsive sexual behaviors: qualitative and quantitative 10-week-long diary assessment. J Behav Addict. (2018) 7:433–44. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.33, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Grubbs JB, Hoagland KC, Lee BN, Grant JT, Davison P, Reid RC, et al. . Sexual addiction 25 years on: a systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research. Clin Psychol Rev. (2020) 82:101925. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925, PMID: PubMed DOI
Kühn S, Gallinat J. Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption: the brain on porn. JAMA Psychiat. (2014) 71:827–34. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93, PMID: PubMed DOI
Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific internet-use disorders: an interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2016) 71:252–66. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033, PMID: PubMed DOI
Kafka MP, Hennen J. A DSM-IV Axis I comorbidity study of males (n= 120) with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders. Sex Abuse. (2002) 14:349–66. doi: 10.1177/107906320201400405, PMID: PubMed DOI
Solanto MV. Dopamine dysfunction in AD/HD: integrating clinical and basic neuroscience research. Behav Brain Res. (2002) 130:65–71. doi: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00431-4, PMID: PubMed DOI
Rømer Thomsen K, Callesen MB, Hesse M, Kvamme TL, Pedersen MM, Pedersen MU, et al. . Impulsivity traits and addiction-related behaviors in youth. J Behav Addict. (2018) 7:317–30. doi: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.22, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Bowlby J. A secure base: clinical applicatios of attachment theory. London: Routlege; (1988).
Freeburg MN, Van Winkle JL. Sexual compulsivity and gestalt therapy: a case study. (2011). Available at: http://counselingoutfitters.com/vistas/vistas11/Article_58.pdf.
Griffin-Shelley E, Benjamin L, Benjamin R. Sex addiction and dissociation. Sex Addict Compulsivity. (1995) 2:295–306. doi: 10.1080/10720169508400090 DOI
Leedes R. The three most important criteria in diagnosing sexual addictions: obsession, obsession, and obsession. Sex Addict Compulsivity. (2001) 8:215–26. doi: 10.1080/107201601753459928 DOI
Schore AN. Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Ment Health J. (2001) 22:7–66. doi: 10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<7::AID-IMHJ2>3.0.CO;2-N DOI
Schwartz MF. Reenactments related to bonding and hypersexuality. Sex Addict Compulsivity. (1996) 3:195–212. doi: 10.1080/10720169608400112 DOI
Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatr. (1991) 148:564–77. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.5.564, PMID: PubMed DOI
MTA Cooperative Group . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. (1999) 56:1073–86. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073, PMID: PubMed DOI
Alves CDB, Cavalhieri KE. Self-perceived problematic pornography use: an integrative model from a research domain criteria and ecological perspective. Sex Cult. (2020) 24:1619–40. doi: 10.1007/s12119-019-09680-w DOI
Beyens I, Vandenbosch L, Eggermont S. Early adolescent boys’ exposure to internet pornography: relationships to pubertal timing, sensation seeking, and academic performance. J Early Adolesc. (2015) 35:1045–68. doi: 10.1177/0272431614548069 DOI
Cooper A, Delmonico DL, Burg R. Cybersex users, abusers, and compulsives: new findings and implications. Sex Addict Compulsivity. (2000) 7:5–29. doi: 10.1080/10720160008400205 DOI
Duffy A, Dawson DL, Das Nair R. Pornography addiction in adults: a systematic review of definitions and reported impact. J Sex Med. (2016) 13:760–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.002, PMID: PubMed DOI
Grubbs JB, Volk F, Exline JJ, Pargament KI. Internet pornography use: perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. J Sex Marital Ther. (2015) 41:83–106. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192, PMID: PubMed DOI
Paul B. Predicting internet pornography use and arousal: the role of individual difference variables. J Sex Res. (2009) 46:344–57. doi: 10.1080/00224490902754152, PMID: PubMed DOI
Peter J, Valkenburg PM. Processes underlying the effects of adolescents’ use of sexually explicit internet material: the role of perceived realism. Commun Res. (2010) 37:375–99. doi: 10.1177/0093650210362464 DOI
Ballester-Arnal R, Castro-Calvo J, Giménez-García C, Gil-Juliá B, Gil-Llario MD. Psychiatric comorbidity in compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). Addict Behav. (2020) 107:106384. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106384, PMID: PubMed DOI
Chiclana C, Contreras M, Carrilles S, Rama D. Sexual addiction: independent entity or comorbid symptom. Cuad Med Psicosom Psiquiatr Enlace. (2015) 115:19–26.
Kraus SW, Potenza MN, Martino S, Grant JE. Examining the psychometric properties of the Yale–Brown obsessive–compulsive scale in a sample of compulsive pornography users. Compr Psychiatry. (2015) 59:117–22. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.02.007, PMID: PubMed DOI
Perry SL. Pornography use and depressive symptoms: examining the role of moral incongruence. Soc Ment Health. (2018) 8:195–213. doi: 10.1177/2156869317728373 DOI
Shirk SD, Saxena A, Park D, Kraus SW. Predicting problematic pornography use among male returning US veterans. Addict Behav. (2021) 112:106647. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106647, PMID: PubMed DOI
Whitfield TH, Rendina HJ, Grov C, Parsons JT. Viewing sexually explicit media and its association with mental health among gay and bisexual men across the US. Arch Sex Behav. (2018) 47:1163–72. doi: 10.1007/s10508-017-1045-y, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Fuss J, Briken P, Stein DJ, Lochner C. Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in obsessive–compulsive disorder: prevalence and associated comorbidity. J Behav Addict. (2019) 8:242–8. doi: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.23, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Cervigón-Carrasco V, Ballester-Arnal R, Giménez-García C. Cognitive processes related to problematic pornography use (PPU): a systematic review of experimental studies. Addict Behav Rep. (2021) 13:100345. doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100345, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Kraus SW, Krueger RB, Briken P, First MB, Stein DJ, Kaplan MS, et al. . Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder in the ICD-11. World Psychiatry. (2018) 17:109–10. doi: 10.1002/wps.20499, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Mead D, Sharpe M. Pornography and sexuality research papers at the 5th international conference on behavioral addictions. Sex Addict Compuls. (2018) 25:248–68. doi: 10.1080/10720162.2019.1578312 DOI
Reid RC, Carpenter BN, Hook JN, Garos S, Manning JC, Gilliland R, et al. . Report of findings in a DSM-5 field trial for hypersexual disorder. J Sex Med. (2012) 9:2868–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02936.x, PMID: PubMed DOI
Wéry A, Billieux J. Problematic cybersex: conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addict Behav. (2017) 64:238–46. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.007, PMID: PubMed DOI
Allely CS. Case report: autism spectrum disorder symptomology and child pornography. J Intellect Disabil Offend Behav. (2020) 11:171–89. doi: 10.1108/JIDOB-11-2019-0026 DOI
Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Griffiths MD, Potenza MN, Orosz G, Demetrovics Z. Are sexual functioning problems associated with frequent pornography use and/or problematic pornography use? Results from a large community survey including males and females. Addict Behav. (2021) 112:106603. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106603, PMID: PubMed DOI
Fernandez DP, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. The pornography “rebooting” experience: a qualitative analysis of abstinence journals on an online pornography abstinence forum. Arch Sex Behav. (2021) 50:711–28. doi: 10.1007/s10508-020-01858-w, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Foubert JD. The public health harms of pornography: the brain, erectile dysfunction, and sexual violence. Dignity. (2017) 2:6. doi: 10.23860/dignity.2017.02.03.06 DOI
Park BY, Wilson G, Berger J, Christman M, Reina B, Bishop F, et al. . Is internet pornography causing sexual dysfunctions? A review with clinical reports. Behav Sci. (2016) 6:17. doi: 10.3390/bs6030017, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
White C. Internet pornography: addiction or sexual dysfunction? In: Brough PA, Denman M, editors. Introduction to psychosexual medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; (2019). 189–204.
Ford JJ, Durtschi JA, Franklin DL. Structural therapy with a couple battling pornography addiction. Am J Fam Ther. (2012) 40:336–48. doi: 10.1080/01926187.2012.685003 DOI
Lewczuk K, Szmyd J, Skorko M, Gola M. Treatment seeking for problematic pornography use among women. J Behav Addict. (2017) 6:445–56. doi: 10.1556/2006.6.2017.063, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
World Health Organization . International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 11th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; (2019).
Fernandez DP, Griffiths MD. Psychometric instruments for problematic pornography use: a systematic review. Eval Health Prof. (2021) 44:111–41. doi: 10.1177/0163278719861688, PMID: PubMed DOI
Dhuffar MK, Griffiths MD. A systematic review of online sex addiction and clinical treatments using CONSORT evaluation. Curr Addict Rep. (2015) 2:163–74. doi: 10.1007/s40429-015-0055-x DOI
Garcia FD, Assumpção AA, Malloy-diniz L, De Freitas AAC, Delavenne H, Thibaut F. A comprehensive review of psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual addiction. J Groups Addict Recover. (2016) 11:59–71. doi: 10.1080/1556035X.2015.1066726 DOI
Hook JN, Reid RC, Penberthy JK, Davis DE, Jennings DJ. Methodological review of treatments for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior. J Sex Marital Ther. (2014) 40:294–308. doi: 10.1080/0092623X.2012.751075, PMID: PubMed DOI
Kaplan MS, Krueger RB. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of hypersexuality. J Sex Res. (2010) 47:181–98. doi: 10.1080/00224491003592863, PMID: PubMed DOI
Naficy H, Samenow CP, Fong TW. A review of pharmacological treatments for hypersexual disorder. Sex Addict Compuls. (2013) 20:139–53. doi: 10.1080/10720162.2013.769843 DOI
Sniewski L, Farvid P, Carter P. The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: a review. Addict Behav. (2018) 77:217–24. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.010, PMID: PubMed DOI
Von Franqué F, Klein V, Briken P. Which techniques are used in psychotherapeutic interventions for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior? Sex Med Rev. (2015) 3:3–10. doi: 10.1002/smrj.34, PMID: PubMed DOI
Solanto MV, Abikoff H, Sonuga-Barke E, Schachar R, Logan GD, Wigal T, et al. . The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: a supplement to the NIMH multimodal treatment study of AD/HD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. (2001) 29:215–28. doi: 10.1023/a:1010329714819, PMID: PubMed DOI
Sonuga-Barke EJ. The dual pathway model of AD/HD: an elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. (2003) 27:593–604. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005, PMID: PubMed DOI
Rubia K, Alegría AA, Brinson H. Brain abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review. Rev Neurol. (2014) 58:S3–S16. PMID: PubMed
Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Walsh JJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS, Goldfield GS. 24-hour movement behaviors and impulsivity. Pediatrics. (2019) 144:e20190187. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-0187, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. (2013).
Bőthe B, Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Bergeron S, Demetrovics Z. Problematic and non-problematic pornography use among LGBTQ adolescents: a systematic literature review. Curr Addict Rep. (2019) 6:478–94. doi: 10.1007/s40429-019-00289-5 DOI
Bőthe B, Tóth-Király I, Demetrovics Z, Orosz G. The short version of the problematic pornography consumption scale (PPCS-6): a reliable and valid measure in general and treatment-seeking populations. J Sex Res. (2021) 58:342–52. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1716205, PMID: PubMed DOI
Chen L, Jiang X, Wang Q, Bőthe B, Potenza MN, Wu H. The association between the quantity and severity of pornography use: a meta-analysis. J Sex Res. (2022) 59:704–19. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1988500, PMID: PubMed DOI
Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN. Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction? Addiction. (2016) 111:2097–106. doi: 10.1111/add.13297, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC
Noll JG, Shenk CE, Barnes JE, Haralson KJ. Association of maltreatment with high-risk internet behaviors and offline encounters. Pediatrics. (2013) 131:e510–7. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1143441, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC