Honey bees coexist with fungi that colonize hive surfaces and pollen. Some of these fungi are opportunistic pathogens, but many are beneficial species that produce antimicrobial compounds for pollen conservation and the regulation of pathogen populations. In this study, we tested the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Talaromyces purpureogenus strains isolated from bee bread against Paenibacillus alvei (associated with European foulbrood disease) and three Aspergillus species that cause stonebrood disease. We found that methanol extracts of T. purpureogenus strains B18 and B195 inhibited the growth of P. alvei at a concentration of 0.39 mg/mL. Bioactivity-guided dereplication revealed that the activity of the crude extracts correlated with the presence of diketopiperazines, a siderophore, and three unknown compounds. We propose that non-pathogenic fungi such as Talaromyces spp. and their metabolites in bee bread could be an important requirement to prevent disease. Agricultural practices involving the use of fungicides can disrupt the fungal community and thus negatively affect the health of bee colonies.

Faculty of Agriculture and Technology University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Studentska 1668 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Branch for Bioresources Ohlebergsweg 12 35392 Giessen Germany

Institute for Insect Biotechnology Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich Buff Ring 26 32 35392 Giessen Germany

LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics 60325 Frankfurt Germany

OncoRa s r o Nemanicka 2722 37001 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Retorta s r o Tresnova 316 37382 Borsov nad Vltavou Czech Republic

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