The global threat of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) constitutes a public health issue in underdeveloped countries. Zoonotic helminthiases are the most common human NTD agents in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas, causing a global burden of disease that exceeds that of more recognized infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Wild canids are well-known mammals that act as natural reservoirs of zoonotic-relevant helminthiasis worldwide, thus playing a pivotal role in their epidemiology and transmission to humans. Here we evaluate the occurrence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminths in two Neotropical wild canid species from the Amazonian and Andean regions of Colombia, i.e., the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) and the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). We recovered tapeworm proglottids from bush dog fecal samples and identified them molecularly as the canine-specific lineage of Dipylidium caninum by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences. Moreover, examination of a crab-eating fox during necropsy revealed the presence of non-embryonated eggs of the neglected nematode Lagochilascaris cf. minor, in addition to eggs and gravid proglottids of the cestode Spirometra mansoni. These findings represent the first report of zoonotic-relevant cestodes, i.e., D. caninum ("canine genotype"), S. mansoni, and the nematode L. cf. minor, in bush dogs and crab-eating foxes as final hosts. The occurrence of these zoonotic helminthiases in wild canid species calls for regular monitoring programs to better understand the epidemiology and transmission routes of neglected dipylidiasis, lagochilascariosis, and sparganosis in South America.

Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg Institute of Parasitology Justus Liebig University Giessen Gießen Germany

CIBAV Research Group Veterinary Medicine School Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia

Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czechia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Rahman MT, Sobur MA, Islam MS, Ievy S, Hossain MJ, El Zowalaty ME, et al. . Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control. Microorganisms. (2020) 8:1405. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091405, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Salyer SJ, Silver R, Simone K, Barton BC. Prioritizing zoonoses for global health capacity building—themes from one health zoonotic disease workshops in 7 countries, 2014–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. (2017) 23:S55–64. doi: 10.3201/eid2313.170418, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Xiao N, Yao J-W, Ding W, Giraudoux P, Craig PS, Ito A. Priorities for research and control of cestode zoonoses in Asia. Infect Dis Poverty. (2013) 2:16. doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-16, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Sapp SGH, Bradbury RS. The forgotten exotic tapeworms: a review of uncommon zoonotic Cyclophyllidea. Parasitology. (2020) 147:533–58. doi: 10.1017/S003118202000013X, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Irie T, Uraguchi K, Ito T, Yamazaki A, Takai S, Yagi K. First report of Sarcocystis pilosa sporocysts in feces from red fox, Vulpes vulpes schrencki, in Hokkaido, Japan. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2020) 11:29–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.12.001, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Elmore SA, Lalonde LF, Samelius G, Alisauskas RT, Gajadhar AA, Jenkins EJ. Endoparasites in the feces of arctic foxes in a terrestrial ecosystem in Canada. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2013) 2:90–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.02.005 PubMed DOI PMC

Otranto D, Deplazes P. Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2019) 9:370–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.011, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Myšková E, Brož M, Fuglei E, Kvičerová J, Mácová A, Sak B, et al. . Gastrointestinal parasites of arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and sibling voles (Microtus levis) in Spitsbergen. Svalbard Parasitol Res. (2019) 118:3409–18. doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06502-8, PMID: PubMed DOI

Duscher GG, Leschnik M, Fuehrer H-P, Joachim A. Wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in Austria. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2015) 4:88–96. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.12.001, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Karamon J, Samorek-Pieróg M, Sroka J, Bilska-Zając E, Dąbrowska J, Kochanowski M, et al. . The first record of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) tapeworms in grey wolf (Canis lupus). Pathogens. (2021) 10:853. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070853, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Macchioni F, Coppola F, Furzi F, Gabrielli S, Baldanti S, Boni CB, et al. . Taeniid cestodes in a wolf pack living in a highly anthropic hilly agro-ecosystem. Parasite. (2021) 28:10. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2021008, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Oudni-M’rad M, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, M’rad S, Trifa F, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Gastrointestinal parasites of canids, a latent risk to human health in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors. (2017) 10:280. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2208-3, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Guerra D, Armua-Fernandez MT, Silva M, Bravo I, Santos N, Deplazes P, et al. . Taeniid species of the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) in Portugal with special focus on Echinococcus spp. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2013) 2:50–3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.11.007, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Bagrade G, Králová-Hromadová I, Bazsalovicsová E, Radačovská A, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M. The first records of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae), a causative agent of human sparganosis, in Latvian wildlife. Parasitol Res. (2021) 120:365–71. doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06957-0 PubMed DOI PMC

Allen T, Murray KA, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, et al. . Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nat Commun. (2017) 8:1124. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00923-8, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Namusisi S, Mahero M, Travis D, Pelican K, Robertson C, Mugisha L. A descriptive study of zoonotic disease risk at the human-wildlife interface in a biodiversity hot spot in South Western Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2021) 15:e0008633. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008633, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. . Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. (2008) 451:990–3. doi: 10.1038/nature06536, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Kuchta R, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Brabec J, Młocicki D, Sałamatin R, Scholz T. Sparganosis (Spirometra) in Europe in the molecular era. Clin Infect Dis. (2021) 72:882–90. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1036, PMID: PubMed DOI

Dhaliwal BBS, Juyal PD. Cestode zoonoses In: . Parasitic Zoonoses. New Delhi: Springer India; (2013). 65–82. doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1551-6 DOI

Schipper J, Chanson JS, Chiozza F, Cox NA, Hoffmann M, Katariya V, et al. . The status of the world’s land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science. (2008) 322:225–30. doi: 10.1126/science.1165115 PubMed DOI

Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Rocha FL, Lima CFM, Candeias ÍZ, Lemos FG, et al. . Wild and domestic canids and their interactions in the transmission cycles of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Pathogens. (2020) 9:818. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100818, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Macpherson CNL. Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. (2005) 35:1319–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.004 PubMed DOI

Beck HE, Zimmermann NE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Wood EF. Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci Data. (2018) 5:180214. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2018.214, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Chame M. Terrestrial mammal feces: a morphometric summary and description. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. (2003) 98:71–94. doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762003000900014, PMID: PubMed DOI

Uribe M, Payán E, Brabec J, Vélez J, Taubert A, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, et al. . Intestinal parasites of neotropical wild jaguars, pumas, ocelots, and jaguarundis in Colombia: old friends brought back from oblivion and new insights. Pathogens. (2021) 10:822. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070822, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Zuercher GL, Gipson PS, Stewart GC. Identification of carnivore feces by local peoples and molecular analyses. Wildl Soc Bull. (2003) 31:961–70.

Yang J, Scholten T. A fixative for intestinal parasites permitting the use of concentration and permanent staining procedures. Am J Clin Pathol. (1977) 67:300–4. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/67.3.300, PMID: PubMed DOI

Uribe M, Hermosilla C, Rodríguez-Durán A, Vélez J, López-Osorio S, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, et al. . Parasites circulating in wild synanthropic capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): a one health approach. Pathogens. (2021) 10:1152. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10091152, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Swan DC. Berlese’s fluid: remarks upon its preparation and use as a mounting medium. Bull Entomol Res. (1936) 27:389–91. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300058259 DOI

Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Biochem Parasitol. (1992) 54:165–73. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90109-W, PMID: PubMed DOI

Wicht B, Yanagida T, Scholz T, Ito A, Jiménez JA, Brabec J. Multiplex PCR for differential identification of broad tapeworms (Cestoda: Diphyllobothrium) infecting humans. J Clin Microbiol. (2010) 48:3111–6. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00445-10, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol. (2013) 30:772–80. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Waeschenbach A, Webster BL, Littlewood DTJ. Adding resolution to ordinal level relationships of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) with large fragments of mtDNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol. (2012) 63:834–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.020, PMID: PubMed DOI

Guo X, Liu J, Hao G, Zhang L, Mao K, Wang X, et al. . Plastome phylogeny and early diversification of Brassicaceae. BMC Genomics. (2017) 18:176. doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-3555-3, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Nguyen L-T, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. (2015) 32:268–74. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu300 PubMed DOI PMC

Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF, von Haeseler A, Jermiin LS. ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods. (2017) 14:587–9. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.4285, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Salazar-Grosskelwing E, Ojeda-Chi MM, Flota-Burgos GJ, Solano-Barquero A, Trinidad-Martínez I, et al. . First morphological and molecular report of Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda, Ascarididae) in a domestic cat from Veracruz, Mexico. Vet Parasitol (Amst). (2023) 37:100823. doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100823, PMID: PubMed DOI

Trindade MAC, MRP DM, Drehmer CJ, Muller G. First record of Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in Leopardus geoffroyi (Carnivora: Felidae) in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Veterinária. (2019) 28:812–5. doi: 10.1590/s1984-29612019087, PMID: PubMed DOI

Brabec J, Uribe M, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Hermosilla C. Presence of Spirometra mansoni, causative agent of sparganosis, in South America. Emerg Infect Dis. (2022) 28:2347–50. doi: 10.3201/eid2811.220529, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Beugnet F, Labuschagne M, Vos C, Crafford D, Fourie J. Analysis of Dipylidium caninum tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas. Parasite. (2018) 25:31. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2018029, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Fricke EC, Hsieh C, Middleton O, Gorczynski D, Cappello CD, Sanisidro O, et al. . Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the late Pleistocene. Science. (2022) 377:1008–11. doi: 10.1126/science.abn4012 PubMed DOI

Magouras I, Brookes VJ, Jori F, Martin A, Pfeiffer DU, Dürr S. Emerging zoonotic diseases: should we rethink the animal–human interface? Front Vet Sci. (2020) 7:582743. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.582743, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

El Bizri HR, Morcatty TQ, Valsecchi J, Mayor P, Ribeiro JES, Vasconcelos Neto CFA, et al. . Urban wild meat consumption and trade in Central Amazonia. Conserv Biol. (2020) 34:438–48. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13420, PMID: PubMed DOI

Crooks KR, Burdett CL, Theobald DM, Rondinini C, Boitani L. Global patterns of fragmentation and connectivity of mammalian carnivore habitat. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci. (2011) 366:2642–51. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0120, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Grogan LF, Berger L, Rose K, Grillo V, Cashins SD, Skerratt LF. Surveillance for emerging biodiversity diseases of wildlife. PLoS Pathog. (2014) 10:e1004015. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004015, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Martinez ME. The calendar of epidemics: seasonal cycles of infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog. (2018) 14:e1007327. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007327, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Uribe M, Rodríguez-Posada ME, Ramirez-Nieto GC. Molecular evidence of orthomyxovirus presence in Colombian Neotropical bats. Front Microbiol. (2022) 13:845546. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845546, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Nascimento Gomes AP, dos Santos MM, Olifiers N, do Val Vilela R, Guimarães Beltrão M, Maldonado Júnior A, et al. . Molecular phylogenetic study in Spirocercidae (Nematoda) with description of a new species Spirobakerus sagittalis sp. nov. in wild canid Cerdocyon thous from Brazil. Parasitol Res. (2021) 120:1713–25. doi: 10.1007/s00436-021-07106-x, PMID: PubMed DOI

Rojas A, Sanchis-Monsonís G, Alić A, Hodžić A, Otranto D, Yasur-Landau D, et al. . Spirocerca vulpis sp. nov. (Spiruridae: Spirocercidae): description of a new nematode species of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora: Canidae). Parasitology. (2018) 145:1917–28. doi: 10.1017/S0031182018000707, PMID: PubMed DOI

Gomes APN, Olifiers N, Souza JGR, Barbosa HS, D’Andrea PS, Maldonado A. A new acanthocephalan species (Archiacanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) in the Brazilian Pantanal wetlands. J Parasitol. (2015) 101:74–9. doi: 10.1645/13-321.1, PMID: PubMed DOI

Rausch RL, Bernstein JJ. Echinococcus vogeli sp. n. (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from the bush dog, Speothos venaticus (Lund). Z Tropenmed Parasitol. (1972) 23:25–34. PubMed

Tappe D, Stich A, Frosch M. Emergence of polycystic neotropical echinococcosis. Emerg Infect Dis. (2008) 14:292–7. doi: 10.3201/eid1402.070742 PubMed DOI PMC

Rinas MA, Nesnek R, Kinsella JM, DeMatteo KE. Fatal aortic aneurysm and rupture in a neotropical bush dog (Speothos venaticus) caused by Spirocerca lupi. Vet Parasitol. (2009) 164:347–9. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.006, PMID: PubMed DOI

Vizcaychipi KA, Rinas M, Irazu L, Miyagi A, Argüelles CF, Dematteo KE. Neotropical zoonotic parasites in bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) from upper Paraná Atlantic forests in Misiones, Argentina. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. (2016) 16:664–72. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1929, PMID: PubMed DOI

Ribeiro CT, Verocal GG, Tavares LER. Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) infection in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from Brazil. J Wildl Dis. (2009) 45:248–50. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-45.1.248, PMID: PubMed DOI

Almeida, Kim PCP, Melo, Nogueira JF, Martins FDC, Garcia JL, et al. . Neospora caninum DNA in feces of crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous – Linnaeus, 1776) from northeastern Brazil. Acta Trop (2019) 197:105068. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105068, PMID: PubMed DOI

Copat B, Bastiani PV, Castellarin Jaconi F, Wallyson Damarem W, Streck AF, de Oliveira EC, et al. . Presentation of hemolytic and hemorrhagic rangeliosis in Cerdocyon thous. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. (2019) 10:690–3. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.02.010, PMID: PubMed DOI

Soares RM, Cortez LRPB, Gennari SM, Sercundes MK, Keid LB, Pena HFJ. Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), a south American canid, as a definitive host for Hammondia heydorni. Vet Parasitol. (2009) 162:46–50. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.02.003, PMID: PubMed DOI

Caprioli RA, De Andrade CP, Argenta FF, Ehlers LP, Soares JF, Pavarini SP, et al. . Angiostrongylosis in Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox) and Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox) in southern Brazil. Parasitology. (2019) 146:617–24. doi: 10.1017/S0031182018001865, PMID: PubMed DOI

Vieira FM, Luque JL, de Souza LS, de Moraes Neto AHA, Muniz-Pereira LC. Dipylidium caninum (Cyclophyllidea, Dipylidiidae) in a wild carnivore from Brazil. J Wildl Dis. (2012) 48:233–4. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-48.1.233, PMID: PubMed DOI

Almeida JC, Melo RPB, Kim PCP, Guerra NR, Alves LC, Costa DF, et al. . Molecular and serological investigation of infectious diseases in captive and free-range crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus, 1776) from northeastern Brazil. Acta Parasitol. (2018) 63:184–9. doi: 10.1515/ap-2018-0021, PMID: PubMed DOI

Ramos VN, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Arrais RC, Lima CFM, Candeias IZ, et al. . Wild carnivores, domestic dogs and ticks: shared parasitism in the Brazilian Cerrado. Parasitology. (2020) 147:689–98. doi: 10.1017/S0031182020000335, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Fiorello CV, Robbins RG, Maffei L, Wade SE. Parasites of free-ranging small canids and felids in the Bolivian Chaco. J Zoo Wildl Med. (2006) 37:130–4. doi: 10.1638/05-075.1, PMID: PubMed DOI

Ilić T, Nišavić U, Gajić B, Nenadović K, Ristić M, Stanojević D, et al. . Prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from public shelters in Serbia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. (2021) 76:101653. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101653, PMID: PubMed DOI

Felsmann M, Michalski M, Felsmann M, Sokół R, Szarek J, Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E. Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health – a review and own studies. Ann Agric Environ Med. (2017) 24:245–9. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1235019, PMID: PubMed DOI

Dantas-Torres F, Otranto D. Dogs, cats, parasites, and humans in Brazil: opening the black box. Parasit Vectors. (2014) 7:22. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-22, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Mulinge E, Zeyhle E, Mpario J, Mugo M, Nungari L, Ngugi B, et al. . A survey of intestinal helminths in domestic dogs in a human–animal–environmental interface: the Oloisukut conservancy, Narok County, Kenya. J Helminthol. (2021) 95:e59. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X21000547, PMID: PubMed DOI

Yu Z, Ruan Y, Zhou M, Chen S, Zhang Y, Wang L, et al. . Prevalence of intestinal parasites in companion dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, and genetic characteristics of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species. Parasitol Res. (2018) 117:35–43. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5631-7, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Pilarczyk BM, Tomza-Marciniak AK, Pilarczyk R, Rząd I, Bąkowska MJ, Udała JM, et al. . Infection of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from northern Poland with gastrointestinal parasites as a potential threat to human health. J Clin Med. (2022) 11:1277. doi: 10.3390/jcm11051277, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Darabi E, Beigom Kia E, Mohebali M, Mobedi I, Zahabiun F, Zarei Z, et al. . Gastrointestinal helminthic parasites of stray cats (Felis catus) in Northwest Iran. Iran J Parasitol. (2021) 16:418–25. doi: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i3.7095, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Labuschagne M, Beugnet F, Rehbein S, Guillot J, Fourie J, Crafford D. Analysis of Dipylidium caninum tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas. Parasite. (2018) 25:30. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2018028, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

García-Agudo L, García-Martos P, Rodríguez-Iglesias M. Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant: a rare case report and literature review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. (2014) 4:S565–7. doi: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2014-0034 DOI

Hogan CA, Schwenk H. Dipylidium caninum infection. N Engl J Med. (2019) 380:e39. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1813985 PubMed DOI

Smout F, Skerratt L, Johnson C, Butler J, Congdon B. Zoonotic helminth diseases in dogs and dingoes utilising shared resources in an Australian aboriginal community. Trop Med Infect Dis. (2018) 3:110. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040110, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Ćirović D, Pavlović I, Penezić A, Kulišić Z, Selaković S. Levels of infection of intestinal helminth species in the golden jackal Canis aureus from Serbia. J Helminthol. (2015) 89:28–33. doi: 10.1017/S0022149X13000552, PMID: PubMed DOI

East ML, Kurze C, Wilhelm K, Benhaiem S, Hofer H. Factors influencing Dipylidium sp. infection in a free-ranging social carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2013) 2:257–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.09.003, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Erol U, Sarimehmetoglu O, Utuk AE. Intestinal system helminths of red foxes and molecular characterization Taeniid cestodes. Parasitol Res. (2021) 120:2847–54. doi: 10.1007/s00436-021-07227-3, PMID: PubMed DOI

Peña-Quistial MG, Benavides-Montaño JA, Duque NJR, Benavides-Montaño GA. Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites in rural high-mountain communities of the Valle del Cauca—Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2020) 14:e0008734. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008734, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Rousseau J, Castro A, Novo T, Maia C. Dipylidium caninum in the twenty-first century: epidemiological studies and reported cases in companion animals and humans. Parasit Vectors. (2022) 15:131. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Campos DMB, Barbosa AP, de Oliveira JA, Tavares GG, Cravo PVL, Ostermayer AL. Human lagochilascariasis—a rare helminthic disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. (2017) 11:e0005510. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005510 PubMed DOI PMC

Scioscia NP, Olmos L, Gorosábel A, Bernad L, Pedrana J, Denegri GM. Natural infection in pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus) by Lagochilascaris major Leiper, 1910 (Nematoda: Ascarididae) in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde (Berlin, Germany). (2018) 117:3023–7. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-5978-4, PMID: PubMed DOI

Moncada LI, Alvarez CA, Castellanos C, Caceres E, Nicholls S, Corredor A. Lagochilascaris minor in a patient from the Colombian amazon: a case report. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. (1998) 40:387–9. doi: 10.1590/s0036-46651998000600009, PMID: PubMed DOI

Little MD, Botero D. Two cases of human Lagochilascaris infection in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (1984) 33:381–6. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.381, PMID: PubMed DOI

Scholz T, Kuchta R, Brabec J. Broad tapeworms (Diphyllobothriidae), parasites of wildlife and humans: recent progress and future challenges. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. (2019) 9:359–69. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.02.001 PubMed DOI PMC

Hwang Y-H, Son W, Kim Y-W, Kang D-H, Chang H-H, Goo Y-K, et al. . A retrieved sparganum of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei from a Korean man during mechanical thrombectomy. Korean J Parasitol. (2020) 58:309–13. doi: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.309, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC

Mueller JF. The biology of Spirometra. J Parasitol. (1974) 60:2–14. doi: 10.2307/3278670 PubMed DOI

Kuchta R, Scholz T, Brabec J, Narduzzi-Wicht B. Chapter 17: Diphyllobothrium, Diplogonoporus and Spirometra In: Xiao L, Ryan U, Feng Y, editors. Biology of foodborne parasites. Section III: Important foodborne helminths. Boca Raton: CRC Press; (2015). 299–326.

Gomez JJ, Botero D. The first case of sparganosis in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. (1958) 7:597–9. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.597 PubMed DOI

Hoarau AOG, Mavingui P, Lebarbenchon C. Coinfections in wildlife: focus on a neglected aspect of infectious disease epidemiology. PLoS Pathog. (2020) 16:e1008790. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008790, PMID: PubMed DOI PMC