In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), existing routing protocols mainly consider energy efficiency or security separately. However, these protocols must be more comprehensive because many applications should guarantee security and energy efficiency, simultaneously. Due to the limited energy of sensor nodes, these protocols should make a trade-off between network lifetime and security. This paper proposes a cluster-tree-based trusted routing method using the grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) called CTTRG in WSNs. This routing scheme includes a distributed time-variant trust (TVT) model to analyze the behavior of sensor nodes according to three trust criteria, including the black hole, sink hole, and gray hole probability, the wormhole probability, and the flooding probability. Furthermore, CTTRG suggests a GOA-based trusted routing tree (GTRT) to construct secure and stable communication paths between sensor nodes and base station. To evaluate each GTRT, a multi-objective fitness function is designed based on three parameters, namely the distance between cluster heads and their parent node, the trust level, and the energy of cluster heads. The evaluation results prove that CTTRG has a suitable and successful performance in terms of the detection speed of malicious nodes, packet loss rate, and end-to-end delay.

Department of Computer Engineering Dezful Branch Islamic Azad University Dezful Iran

Department of Computer Science and Mathematics Faculty of Economic Studies University of Finance and Administration Prague Czech Republic

Department of Computer Science University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Department of Information Technology University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Iraq

Future Technology Research Center National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Yunlin Taiwan

Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam

School of Computing Gachon University Seongnam Korea

School of Medicine and Pharmacy Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam

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