OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates a case of pseudopathology and the effects that postmortem taphonomic changes and environmental influences can have on bone. MATERIAL: A skeleton of a young male from the early medieval site Staré Město, dated to the 9th-10th century CE. METHODS: The skeletal remains were subjected to detailed macroscopic and X-ray examination, and then a CT scan and XRF analysis were performed. RESULTS: X-ray examination of the mandible revealed unusually dense structures, whose appearance was not consistent with any known pathology. Based on the results of CT scanning, it was hypothesized that these were cavities filled with alluvial sediment. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), focusing on the determination of the silica content, revealed a high intensity of silica in the samples of the affected area of the bone. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that the inclusions were composed of waterborne sediment was supported. SIGNIFICANCE: Although it is well known that soil can infiltrate bones buried in the ground, its appearance on plain radiographs is not that commonly known. The case illustrates the usefulness of differentiating true pathologies from postmortem alterations to avoid inappropriate interpretations. LIMITATIONS: No similar cases have been described. SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: In palaeopathological evaluation, the use of multiple imaging and evaluative techniques should be implemented to differentiate pathological lesions from pseudopathology.

Anthropos Institute Moravian Museum Brno Czech Republic

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Radiology Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czech Republic; Department of Medical Imaging Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

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