High soil salinity is a global problem in agriculture that directly affects seed germination and the development of the seedlings sown deep in the soil. To study how salinity affected plastid ultrastructure, leaf segments of 11-day-old light- and dark-grown (etiolated) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mv Béres) seedlings were floated on Hoagland solution, 600 mM KCl:NaCl (1:1) salt or isosmotic polyethylene glycol solution for 4 h in the dark. Light-grown seedlings were also treated in the light. The same treatments were also performed on etio-chloroplasts of etiolated seedlings greened for different time periods. Salt stress induced slight to strong changes in the relative chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, and organization of thylakoid complexes. Measurements of malondialdehyde contents and high-temperature thermoluminescence indicated significantly increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation under salt treatment, except for light-grown leaves treated in the dark. In chloroplasts of leaf segments treated in the light, slight shrinkage of grana (determined by transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering) was observed, while a swelling of the (pro)thylakoid lumen was observed in etioplasts. Salt-induced swelling disappeared after the onset of photosynthesis after 4 h of greening. Osmotic stress caused no significant alterations in plastid structure and only mild changes in their activities, indicating that the swelling of the (pro)thylakoid lumen and the physiological effects of salinity are rather associated with the ionic component of salt stress. Our data indicate that etioplasts of dark-germinated wheat seedlings are the most sensitive to salt stress, especially at the early stages of their greening.

Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Plant Anatomy Institute of Biology Faculty of Science ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology Institute of Biology Faculty of Science ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Institute of Plant Biology HUN REN Biological Research Center Szeged Hungary

Neutron Spectroscopy Department HUN REN Centre for Energy Research Budapest Hungary

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