Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human-wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.

Abilene Christian University Abilene TX USA

Agricultural Center for Cattle Grassland Dairy Game and Fisheries of Baden Württemberg Aulendorf Germany

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Juneau AK USA

Animal Ecology Unit Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach Trento Italy

Arizona State University West Glendale AZ USA

Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany

Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Bridgewater State University Bridgewater MA USA

British Columbia Ministry of Forests Cranbrook British Columbia Canada

BUND Niedersachsen Hanover Germany

California Department of Fish and Wildlife Sacramento CA USA

Carnivoros Australes Talca Chile

CEFE Univ Montpellier CNRS EPHE PSL University IRD Montpellier France

Centre for Biological Diversity School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andrews UK

Centre for Environmental Sciences Hasselt University Hasselt Belgium

Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Melbourne Victoria Australia

City of Issaquah Issaquah WA USA

Clemson University Clemson SC USA

Coastal Jaguar Conservation Heredia Costa Rica

College of Agricultural Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA

College of Forestry Wildlife and Environment Auburn University Auburn AL USA

Conservation Ecology Group Department of Biosciences Durham University Durham UK

Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada

Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal

Department of Biology and Environment University of Haifa at Oranim Kiryat Tivon Israel

Department of Biology University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada

Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy

Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Ecology Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University and Research Wageningen the Netherlands

Department of Forest Resources Management University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Siena Italy

Department of Migration Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour Konstanz Germany

Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Torino Turin Italy

Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville FL USA

Department of Wildlife Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden

Departments of Zoology and Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program University of Montana Missoula MT USA

Effigy Mounds National Monument Harper's Ferry WV USA

El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Campeche Mexico

Environmental Studies Department University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Pietermartizburg South Africa

Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Felidae Conservation Fund Mill Valley CA USA

fRI Research Hinton Alberta Canada

Friends of the Earth Czech Republic Carnivore Conservation Programme Olomouc Czech Republic

Fundación Naturaleza El Salvador San Salvador El Salvador

Hamaarag Steinhardt Museum of Natural History Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Hogle Zoo Salt Lake City UT USA

Hunting and Wildlife Program Kastamonu University Kastamonu Turkey

iCWild Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois Champaign IL USA

Inland Norway University Hamar Norway

Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan Malaysia

Institute of Ecology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland

Institute of Forestry Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Kėdainių Lithuania

Instituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y Territorio and Programa Austral Patagonia Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Chile

Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Tefé Brazil

Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos Ciudad Real Spain

Iowa State University Ames IA USA

Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research Rome Italy

Koç University Istanbul Turkey

Krkonoše Mountains National Park Vrchlabí Czech Republic

Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany

Lincoln Memorial University Harrogate TN USA

Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland

McDowell Sonoran Conservancy Scottsdale AZ USA

Mianus River Gorge Bedford MA USA

Missouri State University Springfield MO USA

Museo delle Scienze Trento Italy

National Biodiversity Future Center Palermo Italy

National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara CA USA

National Institute of the Atlantic Forest Santa Teresa Brazil

National Park Tara Mokra Gora Serbia

Natural Resources Institute and Department of Rangeland Wildlife and Fisheries Management Texas A and M University College Station TX USA

New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA

Noble Research Institute LLC Ardmore OK USA

North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh NC USA

North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA

Northern and Yorke Landscape Board Clare South Australia Australia

Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA

Northern Michigan University Marquette MI USA

Oeko Log Freilandforschung Friedrichswalde Germany

Panthera New York NY USA

Parks Canada Alberni Clayoquot British Columbia Canada

Parks Canada Banff Alberta Canada

Parks Canada Ucluelet British Columbia Canada

Parks Canada Waterton Lakes National Park Waterton Park Alberta Canada

Parks Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia

Paul Smith's College Paul Smiths NY USA

Pepperwood Santa Rosa CA USA

Planning and Environmental Services City of Edmonton Edmonton Alberta Canada

Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA

Quest University Canada Squamish British Columbia Canada

Research Ecology and Environment Dimension Pistoia Italy

Research Institute for Nature and Forest Brussels Belgium

Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia

Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria Melbourne Victoria Australia

Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA

Sageland Collaborative Salt Lake City UT USA

School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

School of Forest Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida Gainesville FL USA

School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA

School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Scientific Laboratory of Gorce National Park Niedźwiedź Poland

Seattle University Seattle WA USA

Service Public of Wallonia Gembloux Belgium

Siena College Loudonville NY USA

Slovenia Forest Service Ljubljana Slovenia

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama

Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington DC USA

Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study Ventura CA USA

South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA

Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond LA USA

Springfield College Springfield MA USA

St Lawrence University Canton NY USA

Stelvio National Park Bormio Italy

Stephen F Austin State University Nacogdoches TX USA

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Austin TX USA

Texas State University San Marcos TX USA

The King's University Edmonton Alberta Canada

Tufts University Grafton MA USA

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK

United States Army Fort Hood TX USA

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis OR USA

United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Nacogdoches TX USA

Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago Chile

Université de Toulouse INRAE CEFS Castanet Tolosan France

University of Castilla La Mancha Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos Ciudad Real Spain

University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA

University of Freiburg Breisgau Germany

University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI USA

University of Illinois Urbana IL USA

University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA

University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

University of Missouri Columbia MO USA

University of Montana Missoula MT USA

University of Mount Union Alliance OH USA

University of North Dakota Grand Forks ND USA

University of Rhode Island Kingstown RI USA

University of Richmond Richmond VA USA

University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA

University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada

University of Wisconsin Whitewater Whitewater WI USA

US Air Force Academy Colorado Springs CO USA

Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand

Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA

Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA

Watershed Studies Institute Murray State University Murray KY USA

West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

Wildlife Habitat Council Silver Spring MD USA

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison WI USA

Woodland Park Zoo Seattle WA USA

World Wildlife Fund USA Washington DC USA

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