The ectomycorrhizal fungi Tuber melanosporum Vittad. and Tuber aestivum Vittad. produce highly valuable truffles, but little is known about the soil fungal communities associated with these truffle species in places where they co-occur. Here, we compared soil fungal communities present in wild and planted truffle sites, in which T. melanosporum and T. aestivum coexist, in Mediterranean and temperate regions over three sampling seasons spanning from 2018 to 2019. We showed that soil fungal community composition and ectomycorrhizal species composition are driven by habitat type rather than climate regions. Also, we observed the influence of soil pH, organic matter content and C:N ratio structuring total and ectomycorrhizal fungal assemblages. Soil fungal communities in wild sites revealed more compositional variability than those of plantations. Greater soil fungal diversity was found in temperate compared to Mediterranean sites when considering all fungal guilds. Ectomycorrhizal diversity was significantly higher in wild sites compared to plantations. Greater mould abundance at wild sites than those on plantation was observed while tree species and seasonal effects were not significant predictors in fungal community structure. Our results suggested a strong influence of both ecosystem age and management on the fungal taxa composition in truffle habitats.

Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon CITA Montañana 930 E 50059 Zaragoza Spain; European Mycological Institute EGTC EMI E 42003 Soria Spain

Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering University of Lleida Lleida 25198 Spain

Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering University of Lleida Lleida 25198 Spain; Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia Crta Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2 25280 Solsona Spain

Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering University of Lleida Lleida 25198 Spain; Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia Crta Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2 25280 Solsona Spain; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering University of Lleida Lleida 25198 Spain; Joint Research Unit CTFC AGROTECNIO CERCA Av Alcalde Rovira Roure 191 25198 Lleida Spain

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE 750 07 Sweden

Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK; Czech Globe Research Institute CAS and Masaryk University Brno Brno Czech Republic

Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia Crta Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2 25280 Solsona Spain

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

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