Citizens play a crucial role in attaining the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs). There is growing awareness of the importance of understanding citizen perspectives on environmental issues, in relation to developing and maintaining sustainable lifestyles, and in addressing perceived threats to protection and restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity. This analysis sought to understand people's attitudes towards environmental conservation, how they relate to perceived threats to the countryside, and to determine how attitudes and perceived threats vary demographically and between countries. A survey was administered to citizens (quota sampled on age, gender, education, and split between rural and urban residency) across five countries representative of differing biogeographical regions (N = 3,190): Czech Republic (n = 649) (Continental); Spain (Mediterranean) (n = 623); Sweden (Boreal) (n = 645); Switzerland (Alpine) (n = 641); United Kingdom (UK) (Atlantic) (n = 632). Attitudes were measured using the Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI-24) on 2 factors (utilization; preservation) and perceived threat to the countryside on 1-factor (15 items). Multigroup regression analysis indicated that preservationist attitudes were associated with greater perceived threat to the countryside in all five countries. Higher perceived threat was associated with activities linked to environmental degradation, socio-economic uncertainty and risks in agri-food supply chains in all countries. The "bad behaviour of visitors" was the greatest perceived threat in the Czech Republic, Switzerland and the UK, while "lack of young farmers taking over farming" was the greatest perceived threat in Spain and Sweden. To promote pro-environmental attitudes and obtain greater public support for policies and interventions targeting environmental conservation, communication about environmental threats is needed, together with threat mitigation measures. Raising peoples' awareness of threats to the countryside through targeted communications could promote pro-environment attitudes and potentially result in pro-environmental behaviours.

Department of Agricultural Economics ETSIAM Universidad de Córdoba Córdoba Spain

Department of Psychology School of Social Sciences University of Bradford Bradford United Kingdom

Department of Regional and Business Economics FRDIS Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Work Science Business Economics and Environmental Psychology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Faculty of Business and Law University of Portsmouth Portsmouth United Kingdom

Psychology Research Institute Ulster University Coleraine Northern Ireland United Kingdom

RSK ADAS Ltd Spring Lodge Helsby United Kingdom

School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom

World Food System Center ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland

See more in PubMed

Cooper M, Müller B, Cafiero C, Laso Bayas JC, Crespo Cuaresma J, Kharas H. Monitoring and projecting global hunger: Are we on track? Glob Food Sec. 2021;30: 100568. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100568 DOI

Bennett JE, Kontis V, Mathers CD, Guillot M, Rehm J, Chalkidou K, et al.. NCD Countdown 2030: pathways to achieving Sustainable Development Goal target 3.4. The Lancet. 2020;396: 918–934. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31761-X PubMed DOI PMC

Amos R, Lydgate E. Trade, transboundary impacts and the implementation of SDG 12. Sustain Sci. 2020;15: 1699–1710. doi: 10.1007/s11625-019-00713-9 DOI

Dangles O, Struelens Q. Is food system research guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development? Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2023;64: 101331. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2023.101331 DOI

Pandey PC, Pandey M. Highlighting the role of agriculture and geospatial technology in food security and sustainable development goals. Sustainable Development. 2023;31: 3175–3195. doi: 10.1002/sd.2600 DOI

Yang H-J, Gou X-H, Yin D-C, Du M-M, Liu L-Y, Wang K. Research on the coordinated development of ecosystem services and well-being in agricultural and pastoral areas. J Environ Manage. 2022;304: 114300. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114300 PubMed DOI

Fraisl D, Campbell J, See L, Wehn U, Wardlaw J, Gold M, et al.. Mapping citizen science contributions to the UN sustainable development goals. Sustain Sci. 2020;15: 1735–1751. doi: 10.1007/s11625-020-00833-7 DOI

Pellaton R, Lellei-Kovács E, Báldi A. Cultural ecosystem services in European grasslands: A systematic review of threats. Ambio. 2022;51: 2462–2477. doi: 10.1007/s13280-022-01755-7 PubMed DOI PMC

European Environment Agency. Serious challenges in the Europe’s agri-food systems. 2023 [cited 3 Nov 2023]. Available: https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/serious-challenges-in-agri-food

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: a framework for assessment. Island Press; 2003.

Kędziora A. Landscape management practices for maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem services in a countryside. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. 2010;10: 133–152. doi: 10.2478/v10104-011-0006-7 DOI

CICES. Towards a common classification of ecosystem services. 2023 [cited 11 Oct 2023]. Available: https://cices.eu/

Schmitt TM, Riebl R, Martín-López B, Hänsel M, Koellner T. Plural valuation in space: mapping values of grasslands and their ecosystem services. Ecosystems and People. 2022;18: 258–274. doi: 10.1080/26395916.2022.2065361 DOI

Filyushkina A, Komossa F, Metzger MJ, Verburg PH. Multifunctionality of a peri-urban landscape: exploring the diversity of residents’ perceptions and preferences. Ecosystems and People. 2022;18: 583–597. doi: 10.1080/26395916.2022.2131911 DOI

Gössling S, Peeters P. Assessing tourism’s global environmental impact 1900–2050. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 2015;23: 639–659. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1008500 DOI

Lin H-H, Ling Y, Chen I-S, Wu P-Y, Hsu I-C, Hsu C-H, et al.. Can Low-Carbon Tourism Awareness Promote Rural and Ecological Development, Create Safe Leisure Spaces, and Increase Public Happiness? A Discussion from the Perspective of Different Stakeholders. Water (Basel). 2022;14: 3557. doi: 10.3390/w14213557 DOI

Richardson M, Passmore H, Barbett L, Lumber R, Thomas R, Hunt A. The green care code: How nature connectedness and simple activities help explain pro‐nature conservation behaviours. People and Nature. 2020;2: 821–839. doi: 10.1002/pan3.10117 DOI

Jones NA, Shaw S, Ross H, Witt K, Pinner B. The study of human values in understanding and managing social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society. 2016;21: art15. doi: 10.5751/ES-07977-210115 DOI

Himes A, Muraca B. Relational values: the key to pluralistic valuation of ecosystem services. Curr Opin Environ Sustain. 2018;35: 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.005 DOI

Schultz PW, Gouveia V V., Cameron LD, Tankha G, Schmuck P, Franěk M. Values and their Relationship to Environmental Concern and Conservation Behavior. J Cross Cult Psychol. 2005;36: 457–475. doi: 10.1177/0022022105275962 DOI

Pooley JA, O’Connor M. Environmental Education and Attitudes: Emotions and Beliefs Are What Is Needed. Environ Behav. 2000;32: 711–723. doi: 10.1177/00139160021972757 DOI

Sarigöllü E. A Cross-Country Exploration of Environmental Attitudes. Environ Behav. 2009;41: 365–386. doi: 10.1177/0013916507313920 DOI

Lou X, Li LMW. The relationship between identity and environmental concern: A meta-analysis. J Environ Psychol. 2021;76: 101653. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101653 DOI

Aprile MC, Fiorillo D. Other-regarding preferences in pro-environmental behaviours: Empirical analysis and policy implications of organic and local food products purchasing in Italy. J Environ Manage. 2023;343: 118174. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118174 PubMed DOI

Hedlund-de Witt A, de Boer J, Boersema JJ. Exploring inner and outer worlds: A quantitative study of worldviews, environmental attitudes, and sustainable lifestyles. J Environ Psychol. 2014;37: 40–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.11.005 DOI

Wyss AM, Knoch D, Berger S. When and how pro-environmental attitudes turn into behavior: The role of costs, benefits, and self-control. J Environ Psychol. 2022;79: 101748. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101748 DOI

Howley P, Donoghue CO, Hynes S. Exploring public preferences for traditional farming landscapes. Landsc Urban Plan. 2012;104: 66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.09.006 DOI

Tindale S, Vicario-Modroño V, Gallardo-Cobos R, Hunter E, Miškolci S, Price PN, et al.. Citizen perceptions and values associated with ecosystem services from European grassland landscapes. Land use policy. 2023;127: 106574. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106574 DOI

Meyer A. Does education increase pro-environmental behavior? Evidence from Europe. Ecological Economics. 2015;116: 108–121. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.04.018 DOI

Wang Q, Niu G, Gan X, Cai Q. Green returns to education: Does education affect pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors in China? PLoS One. 2022;17: e0263383. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263383 PubMed DOI PMC

Grandin A, Guillou L, Abdel Sater R, Foucault M, Chevallier C. Socioeconomic status, time preferences and pro-environmentalism. J Environ Psychol. 2022;79: 101720. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101720 DOI

Domingues RB, Gonçalves G. Assessing environmental attitudes in Portugal using a new short version of the Environmental Attitudes Inventory. Current Psychology. 2020;39: 629–639. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-9786-x DOI

Bleidorn W, Lenhausen MR, Hopwood CJ. Proenvironmental attitudes predict proenvironmental consumer behaviors over time. J Environ Psychol. 2021;76: 101627. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101627 DOI

Arcury T. Environmental Attitude and Environmental Knowledge. Hum Organ. 1990;49: 300–304. doi: 10.17730/humo.49.4.y6135676n433r880 DOI

Calculli C, D’Uggento AM, Labarile A, Ribecco N. Evaluating people’s awareness about climate changes and environmental issues: A case study. J Clean Prod. 2021;324: 129244. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129244 DOI

Marquart-Pyatt ST. Environmental Concerns in Cross-National Context: How Do Mass Publics in Central and Eastern Europe Compare with Other Regions of the World? Sociologický Časopis / Czech Sociological Review. 2012;48: 441–466. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23534997

Meng Y, Chung D, Zhang A. The effect of social media environmental information exposure on the intention to participate in pro-environmental behavior. PLoS One. 2023;18: e0294577. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294577 PubMed DOI PMC

Srisathan WA, Malai K, Narathawaranan N, Coochampoo K, Naruetharadhol P. The impact of citizen science on environmental attitudes, environmental knowledge, environmental awareness to pro–environmental citizenship behaviour. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 2024;17: 1–19. doi: 10.1080/19397038.2024.2354269 DOI

Lan L, Huang T, Du Y, Bao C. Exploring mechanisms affecting environmental risk coping behaviors: evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-31221-0 PubMed DOI

Syropoulos S, Markowitz EM. Perceived responsibility to address climate change consistently relates to increased pro-environmental attitudes, behaviors and policy support: Evidence across 23 countries. J Environ Psychol. 2022;83: 101868. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101868 DOI

Carrington MJ, Neville BA, Whitwell GJ. Lost in translation: Exploring the ethical consumer intention–behavior gap. J Bus Res. 2014;67: 2759–2767. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.09.022 DOI

Marikyan D, Papagiannidis S. Protection Motivation Theory: A review. In: Papagiannidis S, editor. TheoryHub Book. 2023. Available: https://open.ncl.ac.uk/

Bockarjova M, Steg L. Can Protection Motivation Theory predict pro-environmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands. Global Environmental Change. 2014;28: 276–288. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.010 DOI

Tchetchik A, Kaplan S, Blass V. Recycling and consumption reduction following the COVID-19 lockdown: The effect of threat and coping appraisal, past behavior and information. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2021;167: 105370. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105370 PubMed DOI PMC

Palmér C, Wallin A, Persson J, Aronsson M, Blennow K. Effective communications on invasive alien species: Identifying communication needs of Swedish domestic garden owners. J Environ Manage. 2023;340: 117995. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117995 PubMed DOI

Jin S, Matsuoka Y, Yue M, Jones G, Frewer LJ. Does information about environmental considerations affect Chinese and UK consumers’ purchase intentions for traced foods? A path analysis. Environ Dev Sustain. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s10668-024-05097-0 DOI

Johnson RJ, Scicchitano MJ. Willing and able: explaining individuals’ engagement in environmental policy making. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 2009;52: 833–846. doi: 10.1080/09640560903083772 DOI

Vargas ED, Gómez‐Aguiñaga B, Sanchez GR, Barreto MA. How Latinos’ perceptions of environmental health threats impact policy preferences. Soc Sci Q. 2024;105: 557–566. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.13372 DOI

Thiault L, Curnock MI, Gurney GG, Heron SF, Marshall NA, Bohensky E, et al.. Convergence of stakeholders’ environmental threat perceptions following mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef. Conservation Biology. 2021;35: 598–609. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13591 PubMed DOI

Bigsby E, Hovick SR, Tan NQP, Thomas SN, Wilson SR. Information Seeking and Risk Reduction Intentions in Response to Environmental Threat Messages: The Role of Message Processing. Risk Analysis. 2022;42: 2160–2175. doi: 10.1111/risa.13857 PubMed DOI

Valmori A, Carraro L, Guidetti M, Lenzi M, Castelli L. The impact of mortality salience on environmental concerns and diet intentions: the moderating role of political orientation and RWA. Current Psychology. 2024. doi: 10.1007/s12144-024-06195-y DOI

Howard J, Wheeler J. What community development and citizen participation should contribute to the new global framework for sustainable development. Community Dev J. 2015;50: 552–570. doi: 10.1093/cdj/bsv033 DOI

Greenland SJ, Saleem M, Misra R, Nguyen N, Mason J. Reducing SDG complexity and informing environmental management education via an empirical six-dimensional model of sustainable development. J Environ Manage. 2023;344: 118328. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118328 PubMed DOI

Moussaoui LS, Desrichard O, Mella N, Blum A, Cantarella M, Clémence A, et al.. Validation française de l’Inventaire d’Attitudes Environnementales. European Review of Applied Psychology. 2016;66: 291–299. doi: 10.1016/j.erap.2016.06.006 DOI

Bogner FX, Wiseman M. Adolescents’ attitudes towards nature and environment: Quantifying the 2-MEV model. Environmentalist. 2006;26: 247–254. doi: 10.1007/s10669-006-8660-9 DOI

Milfont TL, Duckitt J. The environmental attitudes inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the structure of environmental attitudes. J Environ Psychol. 2010;30: 80–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.001 DOI

European Environment Agency. The European environment—state and outlook 2020. Copenhagen; 2019. doi: 10.2800/96749 DOI

Poortinga W, Whitmarsh L, Steg L, Böhm G, Fisher S. Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Global Environmental Change. 2019;55: 25–35. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007 DOI

Andrade E, Seoane G, Velay L, Sabucedo J-M. Multidimensional Model of Environmental Attitudes: Evidence Supporting an Abbreviated Measure in Spanish. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18: 4438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094438 PubMed DOI PMC

Muth´en B, Asparouhov T. Latent Variable Analysis With Categorical Outcomes: Multiple-Group And Growth Modeling In Mplus. Mplus Web Notes. 2002;4: 1–22.

Muthén B. A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika. 1984;49: 115–132. doi: 10.1007/BF02294210 DOI

Browne MW. An Overview of Analytic Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis. Multivariate Behav Res. 2001;36: 111–150. doi: 10.1207/S15327906MBR3601_05 DOI

Yates A. Multivariate Exploratory Data Analysis: A Perspective on Exploratory Factor Analysis. New York: State University of New York Press; 1988.

Asparouhov T, Muthén B. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Struct Equ Modeling. 2009;16: 397–438. doi: 10.1080/10705510903008204 DOI

Joreskog KG, Goldberger AS. Estimation of a Model with Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes of a Single Latent Variable. J Am Stat Assoc. 1975;70: 631. doi: 10.2307/2285946 DOI

Bollen K, Long JS. Testing Structural Equation Models. 1st ed. Sage Publications; 1993.

Li C-H. Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behav Res Methods. 2016;48: 936–949. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7 PubMed DOI

Jöreskog KG. Statistical analysis of sets of congeneric tests. Psychometrika. 1971;36: 109–133. doi: 10.1007/BF02291393 DOI

Meredith W. Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika. 1993;58: 525–543. doi: 10.1007/BF02294825 DOI

Sörbom D. A GENERAL METHOD FOR STUDYING DIFFERENCES IN FACTOR MEANS AND FACTOR STRUCTURE BETWEEN GROUPS. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 1974;27: 229–239. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1974.tb00543.x DOI

Byrne BM, Shavelson RJ, Muthén B. Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychol Bull. 1989;105: 456–466. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456 DOI

Vandenberg RJ, Lance CE. A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Invariance Literature: Suggestions, Practices, and Recommendations for Organizational Research. Organ Res Methods. 2000;3: 4–70. doi: 10.1177/109442810031002 DOI

Byrnes JP, Miller DC, Schafer WD. Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125: 367–383. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367 DOI

Kibbe A, Bogner FX, Kaiser FG. Exploitative vs. appreciative use of nature–Two interpretations of utilization and their relevance for environmental education. Studies in Educational Evaluation. 2014;41: 106–112. doi: 10.1016/j.stueduc.2013.11.007 DOI

Huber R, Le’Clec’h S, Buchmann N, Finger R. Economic value of three grassland ecosystem services when managed at the regional and farm scale. Sci Rep. 2022;12: 4194. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08198-w PubMed DOI PMC

Hossain MdS. People’s attitudes regarding plastics and microplastics pollution: Perceptions, behaviors, and policy implications. Mar Policy. 2024;165: 106219. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106219 DOI

Harvey ML, Bell PA. The moderating effect of threat on the relationship between population concern and environmental concern. Popul Environ. 1995;17: 123–133. doi: 10.1007/BF02208384 DOI

Martín-Ezpeleta A, Martínez-Urbano P, Echegoyen-Sanz Y. Let’s read green! A comparison between approaches in different disciplines to enhance preservice teachers’ environmental attitudes. Environ Educ Res. 2022;28: 886–906. doi: 10.1080/13504622.2022.2050186 DOI

Wu M, Long R, Chen H, Wang J. The influence of risk perception on climate change communication behavior: a dual perspective of psychological distance and environmental values. Natural Hazards. 2023;118: 785–806. doi: 10.1007/s11069-023-06028-4 DOI

Hateftabar F, Hall CM. Energizing tourism sustainably: A harmonious symphony of tourists’ and locals’ acceptance of renewable energy. J Environ Manage. 2023;345: 118863. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118863 PubMed DOI

Martin L, White MP, Hunt A, Richardson M, Pahl S, Burt J. Nature contact, nature connectedness and associations with health, wellbeing and pro-environmental behaviours. J Environ Psychol. 2020;68: 101389. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101389 DOI

Yang Y. A dynamic framework on travel mode choice focusing on utilitarian walking based on the integration of current knowledge. J Transp Health. 2016;3: 336–345. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2016.03.002 PubMed DOI PMC

Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs. Environmental Land Management (ELM) update: how government will pay for land-based environment and climate goods and services. 2023 [cited 3 Nov 2023]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services/environmental-land-management-elm-update-how-government-will-pay-for-land-based-environment-and-climate-goods-and-services

Berenguer J, Corraliza JA, Martín R. Rural-Urban Differences in Environmental Concern, Attitudes, and Actions. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2005;21: 128–138. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.128 DOI

Zagata L, Sutherland LA. Deconstructing the “young farmer problem in Europe”: Towards a research agenda. J Rural Stud. 2015;38: 39–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.01.003 DOI

Coopmans I, Dessein J, Accatino F, Antonioli F, Bertolozzi-Caredio D, Gavrilescu C, et al.. Understanding farm generational renewal and its influencing factors in Europe. J Rural Stud. 2021;86: 398–409. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.06.023 DOI

FAO. Agroecology Knowledge Hub. [cited 1 Aug 2024]. Available: https://www.fao.org/agroecology/overview/en/

Hunter E, Quatrini S, Lieberher E, Tindale S, Zamora SP, Cobos GS, et al.. The effectiveness of policies promoting sustainable permanent grasslands across five European countries (representing five biogeographic regions): Mapping, understanding, and key stakeholder perceptions. 2020.

Heaton S, Martin J, Woomed K. Perceptions of Stakeholders on the Threats and Impacts to the Seascape of Mauritius. Soc Nat Resour. 2024;37: 1045–1069. doi: 10.1080/08941920.2024.2329893 DOI

Gov.UK. The England Trees Action Plan 2021–2024. 2021 [cited 7 Nov 2023]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/england-trees-action-plan-2021-to-2024

EIP-AGRI Network. Inspirational ideas: Recovering abandoned land in the Rioja Valley. 2021 [cited 3 Nov 2023]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/en/news/inspirational-ideas-recovering-abandoned-land.html#:~:text=In%20the%20higher%20valleys%20of,area%20and%20regenerate%20fruit%20production.

Peterson T, Tollefson K. Impact of higher income on environmental interest. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy. 2024;19. doi: 10.1080/15567249.2024.2356098 DOI

Gerber BJ, Neeley GW. Perceived Risk and Citizen Preferences for Governmental Management of Routine Hazards. Policy Studies Journal. 2005;33: 395–418. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2005.00122.x DOI

Reyers B, Selig ER. Global targets that reveal the social–ecological interdependencies of sustainable development. Nat Ecol Evol. 2020;4: 1011–1019. doi: 10.1038/s41559-020-1230-6 PubMed DOI

Reisch LA, Zhao M. Behavioural economics, consumer behaviour and consumer policy: state of the art. Behavioural Public Policy. 2017;1: 190–206. doi: 10.1017/bpp.2017.1 DOI

Kim K. Communicating Climate Change in the Era of Anxiety: Testing a Double-Moderated-Mediation Model. Environ Commun. 2024; 1–22. doi: 10.1080/17524032.2024.2330004 DOI

Rode JB, Dent AL, Benedict CN, Brosnahan DB, Martinez RL, Ditto PH. Influencing climate change attitudes in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Environ Psychol. 2021;76: 101623. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101623 DOI

Fritsche I, Jonas E, Kayser DN, Koranyi N. Existential threat and compliance with pro-environmental norms. J Environ Psychol. 2010;30: 67–79. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.007 DOI

Schröter-Schlaack C, Albert C, von Haaren C, Hansjürgens B, Krätzig S, Albert I. Ecosystem services in rural areas–Basis for human wellbeing and sustainable economic development: Summary for decision-makers. Hanover; 2016. Available: https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/190551_TEEB_DE_Landbericht_Kurzfassung_engl_web_bf.pdf

Bollen KA, Pearl J. Eight Myths About Causality and Structural Equation Models. 2013. pp. 301–328. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-6094-3_15 DOI

Schultz PW. The Structure of Environmental Concern: Concern for Self, Other People, and the Biosphere. J Environ Psychol. 2001;21: 327–339. doi: 10.1006/jevp.2001.0227 DOI

Ajdukovic I, Gilibert D, Fointiat V. Structural confirmation of the 24-item Environmental Attitude Inventory / Confirmación estructural del Inventario de Actitudes Ambientales de 24 ítems. Psyecology. 2019;10: 184–216. doi: 10.1080/21711976.2019.1586140 DOI

Milfont TL, Duckitt J, Wagner C. The Higher Order Structure of Environmental Attitudes: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Interamerican Journal of Psychology. 2010;44: 263–273.

Munoz F, Bogner F, Clement P, Carvalho GS. Teachers’ conceptions of nature and environment in 16 countries. J Environ Psychol. 2009;29: 407–413. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.05.007 DOI

Yang M, Chen H, Long R, Yang J. How does government regulation shape residents’ green consumption behavior? A multi-agent simulation considering environmental values and social interaction. J Environ Manage. 2023;331: 117231. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117231 PubMed DOI