Temporal interference (TI) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation using transcutaneous electrodes which allows the targeting and modulation of deeper brain structures, not normally associated with non-invasive simulation, while avoiding unwanted stimulation of shallower cortical structures. The properties of TI have been previously demonstrated, however, the problem of decoupling stimulation focality from stimulation intensity has not yet been well addressed. In this paper, we provide a possible novel solution, multipolar TI (mTI), which allows increased independent control over both the size of the stimulated region and the stimulation intensity. The mTI method uses multiple carrier frequencies to create multiple overlapping amplitude-modulated envelopes, rather than using one envelope as in standard TI. The study presents an explanation of the concept of mTI along with experimental data gathered from Rhesus macaques and mice. We improved the focality at depth in anesthetized mice and monkeys, and using the new focality in awake monkeys, evoked targeted activity at depth in the superior colliculus. The mTI method could be an interesting and potentially useful new tool alongside other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation. Teaser Multipolar Temporal Interference Stimulation can produce a more focal brain stimulation at depth compared to Temporal Interference.

Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden

Department of Mathematics Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Department of Psychology Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Graduate Program in Neuroscience Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

Institut de Neurosciences Des Systèmes UMR_1106 INSERM Aix Marseille Université Marseille France

International Clinical Research Center St Anne'S University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

IT'IS Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society 8004 Zurich Switzerland

Robarts Research Institute Western University London ON N6A 5B7 Canada

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