For decades, there has been scientific interest in the variation and geographic distribution of paternal lineages associated with the human Y chromosome. However, the relevant data have been dispersed across numerous publications, making it difficult to consolidate. Additionally, understanding the relationships between different variants, and the tools used to analyze them, have evolved over time, further complicating efforts to harmonize this information. The Universal Y-SNP Database (UYSD) marks a substantial advancement by providing a comprehensive and accessible platform for Y-SNP and haplogroup data from populations around the world. UYSD harmonizes diverse datasets into a unified repository, facilitating the exploration of global Y-chromosomal variation. The platform handles data generated with both high- and low-throughput technology and is compatible with the automated analysis software tool, Yleaf v3. Key functionalities include the ability to: i) visualize haplogroup distributions on an interactive world map, ii) estimate haplogroup frequencies in geographic regions with sparse data through interpolation, and iii) display detailed phylogenetic trees of Y-chromosomal haplogroups. Currently, UYSD encompasses data from over 6,600 males across 27 populations. This dataset largely aligns with known global Y-haplogroup patterns, but also reveals unexplored finer-scale geographic variations. While the present dataset is largely European-centered, UYSD is designed for ongoing expansion by the scientific community, aiming to include more global data and higher-resolution population sequencing data. The platform thus offers valuable insights into human genetic diversity and migration patterns, serving several fields of research such as: human population genetics, genetic anthropology, ancient DNA analysis and forensic genetics.

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Genetic Identification Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands

Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam the Netherlands

Forensic Science Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA

Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences Institute of Forensic Genetics Budapest Hungary

Institute for Anthropological Research Zagreb Croatia

Institute of Criminalistics Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Forensic Science Bratislava Slovak Republic

Institute of Legal Medicine Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Institute of Legal Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy

Laboratory of Human Genetic Genealogy Department Human Genetics KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Lesotho Mounted Police Maseru Lesotho

Ludwig Maximilian University Institute of Legal Medicine Munich Germany

Medical University of Gdansk Gdańsk Poland

National Center for Biotechnology Astana Kazakhstan

National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD USA

National Research Institute of Police Science Kashiwa Japan

Nazarbayev University Astana Kazakhstan

SciLifeLab Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

University Hospital of Cologne Institute of Legal Medicine Cologne Germany

University of Guadalajara Guadalajara Mexico

University of Leicester Leicester United Kingdom

University of Madeira Funchal Portugal

University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria

University of Szeged Szeged Hungary

University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines

University of the Western Cape Western Cape South Africa

University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

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