This study investigates the electrocoagulation/permanganate (EC/PM) process as a pre-treatment, followed by UV-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and electro-peroxone (EP) treatments. This sequence is designed to effectively mineralize organic matter. Notably, PM was integrated into the EC process for the first time to enhance removal efficiency. The iron sludge generated from the EC/PM process (sludge-derived electrocoagulation; SDEC) was repurposed as a cost-effective source of iron oxide in the PMS/SDEC/UV treatment. Treatment optimization was achieved by adjusting the main operating parameters. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to assess the biodegradability and toxicity of the leachate post-treatment, including measurements of COD, BOD, TOC, ammonia levels, average oxidation state, biodegradability, organic carbon content, and spectroscopic methods. The results demonstrated substantial removal efficiencies across the treatment stages, with 98.9 % for COD, 94.9 % for BOD, 96.4 % for TOC, and 97.7 % for ammonia. Spectroscopic changes indicated that the leachate was broken down into smaller, more oxidized, and highly acidic molecules with an increased aliphatic structure while effectively eliminating aromatic compounds. The BOD5/COD ratio improved to 0.55, indicating that the treated leachate is suitable for biological treatment processes with significantly reduced toxicity. Overall, the sequence of treatment processes yielded promising results.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Faculty of Engineering Near East University 99138 Nicosia TRNC Mersin 10 Turkey; Research Center for Science Technology and Engineering Near East University 99138 Nicosia TRNC Mersin 10 Turkey

Institute for Nanomaterials Advanced Technologies and Innovation Technical University of Liberec Studentská 1402 2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic

Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering and Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan

Research Center for Environmental Contaminants Abadan University of Medical Sciences Abadan Iran

School of Computing and Engineering University of West London London UK; Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering UCL London UK

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