In contemporary times, the environment is being progressively polluted by non-eco-friendly products from manufacturing sectors. Therefore, it is vital for individuals to be aware of the necessity of employing environmentally friendly items as a means to mitigate pollution. This consciousness, in return, drives an instant increase in the desire for environmentally friendly products, greatly improving their ecological sustainability. In this context, this study proposes a novel perishable inventory model that incorporates environmental attributes into demand and cost functions, which contributes to sustainable inventory management research. The maximum potential lifespan of a product is a crucial aspect of inventory management, especially when considering its suitability for reuse. One notable challenge in the connection between suppliers/manufacturers and merchants for products accessible during seasonal periods with high demand pertains to the issue of payment in advance. Integrating these multifaceted elements results in a perishable commodity inventory model characterized by a customer demand rate depending on the product's green level and price, an interval-valued holding cost, and a linearly time-dependent holding cost. A partial backlog of shortages with interval values is incorporated in this model. The associated optimization problem is characterized as a maximization problem, wherein the objective function exhibits values throughout an interval. To assess the accuracy and reliability of the proposed model, the Arctic Puffin Optimization (APO) algorithm is employed to analyze and solve a specific numerical illustration. Furthermore, seven other algorithms (Dandelion Optimizer (DO), Grey wolf optimizer (GWO), The whale optimization algorithm (WOA), Artificial electric field algorithm (AEFA), Harris hawks optimization (HHO), Multi-verse optimizer (MVO) and Slime mould algorithm (SMA)) are used to compare the obtained solution from APO. Quantitatively, the APO and DO algorithms provid the same solution for the given example. However, during the statistical test for review the performance of the algorithms, it is observed that APO is outperformed among all other algorithms. Subsequently, a post-optimality analysis examines the quantitative effects of changes made to different inventory parameters, which results in an insightful conclusion. This study not only contributes to the theoretical framework of perishable commodity inventory modeling but also provides practical implications for sustainable inventory management in response to environmental concerns.

Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation Torrens University Australia Fortitude Valley Brisbane QLD 4006 Australia

Department of Mathematics Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh

Department of Mathematics The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 India

Department of Statistics and Operations Research College of Science King Saud University P O Box 2455 11451 Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science VSB Technical University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Ave Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 64849 Monterrey N L Mexico

University Research and Innovation Center Obuda University Budapest 1034 Hungary

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