Soil pollution by heavy metals (HMs) poses a major threat to soil quality and human health, with mining and smelting industries identified as key sources. Soils around smelters are often considered polluted hotspots, being generally unsuitable for agricultural activities. Although many studies have identified microbial taxa able to survive in such environments, most have focused on relatively low HM concentrations. The purpose of the study was to assess the ecological risk and to evaluate the diversity and structural shifts in microbial communities, as well as to predict key metabolic pathways associated with HM resistance in soils near Pb-Zn smelter in Bulgaria. The soils ranged from low-risk to disastrous, with cadmium (Cd) identified as the primary contributor to soil toxicity. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS amplicons revealed widespread dominance of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Acidobacteriota, and Ascomycota, with the prevailing classes Acidobacteriae, Chloroflexia, and Eurotiomycetes, indicating their high tolerance to HMs. Functional predictions suggested enrichment of key pathways in the most polluted soils related to HM resistance, including efflux systems and detoxifying enzymes. These results highlight the necessity of integrating soil microbial indicators into agricultural management strategies to ensure safe food production.

Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection Faculty of Biology Sofia University St Kl Ohridski 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd 1164 Sofia Bulgaria

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Videnská 1083 142 00 Prague 4 Czech Republic

N Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection Agricultural Academy 7 Shosse Bankya St 1331 Sofia Bulgaria

Roumen Tsanev Institute of Molecular Biology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad G Bonchev Str Bl 21 1113 Sofia Bulgaria

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