Světová zdravotnická organizace (WHO) označila antimikrobiální rezistenci za jedno z největších rizik pro globální zdraví. V roce 2019 vedla antibiotická rezistence celosvětově k 4,95 milionu úmrtí. Hlavní příčinou je expozice bakterií antibiotikům, zejména v humánní medicíně, kde hraje roli i způsob a délka jejich užívání. Existují důkazy, že zlepšení antibiotické preskripce může vést ke snížení antimikrobiální rezistence. Většina antibiotik je předepisována ambulantním pacientům, zejména pro respirační infekce, kde jsou často užívána nevhodně. Pro zlepšení preskripce je nutné ovlivnit nejen množství předepsaných antibiotik, ale také preferovat antibiotika s nižším potenciálem pro rozvoj rezistence a menším vlivem na mikroflóru hostitele (tzv. ekologická antibiotika). Cílem předkládaného textu je seznámit čtenáře s platnými doporučenými postupy Subkomise pro antibiotickou politiku (SKAP) ČLS JEP pro terapii nejčastějších infekcí v ambulantní praxi a srovnat je s doporučenými postupy WHO, NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) či vybraných odborných společností.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antimicrobial resistance as one of the leading risks to global health. In 2019, antibiotic resistance led to 4.95 million deaths worldwide. The primary cause is the exposure of bacteria to antibiotics, especially in human medicine. There is evidence that improving antibiotic prescriptions can reduce antimicrobial resistance. Most antibiotics are prescribed to outpatients, often for respiratory infections, where they are frequently overused. To improve clinical practice, it is necessary to influence not only the quantity of prescribed antibiotics but also to prefer antibiotics with a lower potential for developing resistance and collateral damage. The aim of this article is to present the current guidelines of SKAP CLS JEP for the treatment of the most common infections in outpatient practice and to compare them with the guidelines of WHO, NICE, and other societies.
- MeSH
- ambulantní péče * organizace a řízení MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- antibiotická politika metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence účinky léků MeSH
- infekce močového ústrojí farmakoterapie MeSH
- infekční nemoci kůže farmakoterapie MeSH
- infekční nemoci * farmakoterapie MeSH
- lékové předpisy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- primární zdravotní péče organizace a řízení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains including those of serogroup O111 are important causes of diarrhea in children. In the Czech Republic, no information is available on the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea due to the lack of their targeted surveillance. To fill this gap, we determined the proportion of EAEC among E. coli O111 isolates from children with gastrointestinal disorders ≤ 2 years of age submitted to the National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella during 2013-2022. EAEC accounted for 177 of 384 (46.1 %) E. coli O111 isolates, being the second most frequent E. coli O111 pathotype. Most of them (75.7 %) were typical EAEC that carried aggR, usually with aaiC and aatA marker genes; the remaining 24.3 % were atypical EAEC that lacked aggR but carried aaiC and/or aatA. Whole genome sequencing of 11 typical and two atypical EAEC O111 strains demonstrated differences in serotypes, sequence types (ST), virulence gene profiles, and the core genomes between these two groups. Typical EAEC O111:H21/ST40 strains resembled by their virulence profiles including the presence of the aggregative adherence fimbriae V (AAF/V)-encoding cluster to such strains from other countries and clustered with them in the core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Atypical EAEC O111:H12/ST10 strains lacked virulence genes of typical EAEC and differed from them in cgMLST. All tested EAEC O111 strains displayed stacked-brick aggregative adherence to human intestinal epithelial cells. The AAF/V-encoding cluster was located on a plasmid of 95,749 bp or 93,286 bp (pAAO111) which also carried aggR, aap, aar, sepA, and aat cluster. EAEC O111 strains were resistant to antibiotics, in particular to aminopenicillins and cephalosporins; 88.3 % produced AmpC β-lactamase, and 4.1 % extended spectrum β-lactamase. We conclude that EAEC are frequent among E. coli O111 strains isolated from children with gastrointestinal disorders in the Czech Republic. To reliably assess the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea, a serotype-independent, PCR-based pathotype surveillance system needs to be implemented in the future.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- Escherichia coli * genetika izolace a purifikace patogenita klasifikace MeSH
- faktory virulence genetika MeSH
- gastrointestinální nemoci mikrobiologie MeSH
- genom bakteriální MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli * mikrobiologie epidemiologie MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika MeSH
- průjem * mikrobiologie MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu * MeSH
- séroskupina MeSH
- trans-aktivátory MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: Aminopenicillins are recommended agents for non-invasive Haemophilus influenzae infections. One of the mechanisms of resistance to β-lactams is the alteration of the transpeptidase region of penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3) which is caused by mutations in the ftsI gene. It was shown that exposure to beta-lactams has a stimulating effect on increase of prevalence of H. influenzae strains with the non-enzymatic mechanism of resistance. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to compare the mutational potential of ampicillin and cefuroxime in H. influenzae strains, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and the evolution of mutations over time, focusing on amino acid substitutions in PBP3. METHODS: 30 days of serial passaging of strains in liquid broth containing increasing concentrations of ampicillin or cefuroxime was followed by whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS: On average, cefuroxime increased the minimum inhibitory concentration more than ampicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was increased by a maximum of 32 fold. Substitutions in the PBP3 started to appear after 15 days of passaging. In PBP3, cefuroxime caused different substitutions than ampicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiment observed differences in mutation selection by ampicillin and cefuroxime. Selection pressure of antibiotics in vitro generated substitutions that do not occur in clinical strains in the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- ampicilin * farmakologie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky * farmakologie MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- cefuroxim * farmakologie MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae * genetika účinky léků MeSH
- hemofilové infekce mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti * MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- mutace * MeSH
- proteiny vázající penicilin * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- sekvenování celého genomu MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- sériové pasážování MeSH
- substituce aminokyselin * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- mikrobiologie * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- O autorovi
- Schindler, Jiří, 1931-2023 Autorita
The ribotyping of Clostridioides difficile is one of the basic methods of molecular epidemiology for monitoring the spread of C. difficile infections. In the Czech Republic, this procedure is mainly available in university hospitals. The introduction of ribotyping in a tertiary health care facility such as Liberec Regional Hospital not only increases safety in the facility but also supports regional professional development. In our study, 556 stool samples collected between June 2017 and June 2018 were used for C. difficile infection screening, followed by cultivation, toxinotyping, and ribotyping of positive samples. The toxinotyping of 96 samples revealed that 44.8% of typed strains could produce toxins A and B encoded by tcdA and tcdB, respectively. The ribotyping of the same samples revealed two epidemic peaks, caused by the regionally most prevalent ribotype 176 (n = 30, 31.3). C. difficile infection incidence ranged between 5.5 and 4.2 cases per 10,000 patient-bed days. Molecular diagnostics and molecular epidemiology are the two most developing parts of clinical laboratories. The correct applications of molecular methods help ensure greater safety in hospitals.
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
