Cells sense a variety of extracellular signals balancing their metabolism and physiology according to changing growth conditions. Plasma membranes are the outermost informational barriers that render cells sensitive to regulatory inputs. Membranes are composed of different types of lipids that play not only structural but also informational roles. Hormones and other regulators are sensed by specific receptors leading to the activation of lipid metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes generate lipid second messengers. Among them, phosphatidic acid (PA) is a well-known intracellular messenger that regulates various cellular processes. This lipid affects the functional properties of cell membranes and binds to specific target proteins leading to either genomic (affecting transcriptome) or non-genomic responses. The subsequent biochemical, cellular and physiological reactions regulate plant growth, development and stress tolerance. In the present review, we focus on primary (genome-independent) signaling events triggered by rapid PA accumulation in plant cells and describe the functional role of PA in mediating response to hormones and hormone-like regulators. The contributions of individual lipid signaling enzymes to the formation of PA by specific stimuli are also discussed. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and future perspectives needed to decipher the mode of action of PA in the regulation of cell functions.
- MeSH
- fosfolipasa D * metabolismus MeSH
- hormony metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny fosfatidové * metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- vývoj rostlin MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Using Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (WT) plants and diacylglycerol kinase knockouts (single mutants - dgk3, dgk1, dgk6; double mutants - dgk3dgk7, dgk5dgk6, dgk1dgk2) we observed that the inhibitor of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, brassinazole (BRZ), drastically decreased germination of dgk mutants under salt stress, while BRZ co-administration with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) partially improved germination rates. We also observed a statistically significant decrease in alternative and cytochrome respiratory pathways in response to BRZ treatment under salinity conditions. We showed that production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) is impaired in dgk mutants in response to EBL treatment and inhibitor of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) - R59022. This study demonstrates that dgk mutants possess lower germination rates, lower total respiration rates, an alternative respiratory pathway and PA content under optimal and high salinity conditions in response to EBL treatment comparing to WT plants.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis chemie metabolismus MeSH
- brassinosteroidy farmakologie MeSH
- diacylglycerolkinasa antagonisté a inhibitory nedostatek metabolismus MeSH
- kyseliny fosfatidové chemie metabolismus MeSH
- salinita MeSH
- semena rostlinná účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- triazoly farmakologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
