Clostridium difficile has been recovered from the faeces of several animal species as well as horses. Between April 2015 and October 2016, 213 samples of faeces from non-hospitalized (n = 138) and hospitalized horses (n = 75) were investigated and eighteen C. difficile isolates were cultured using an enrichment method. Sixteen C. difficile positive samples were identified from hospitalised horses (p < 0.01). Molecular typing revealed seven ribotypes and sequence types (RT033/ST11 n = 8, 44.4%; RT081/ST9 n = 4, 22.2%; RT009/ST3 n = 2, 11.1%; RT003/ST12 n = 1, 5.6%; RT010/ST15 n = 1, 5.6%; RT012/ST54 n = 1, 5.6%; RT039/ST26 n = 1, 5.6%). Seven identified STs clustered to two clades (1 and 5). All C. difficile isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and vancomycin. One isolate (RT039) exhibited a high level of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (256 mg/L) and carried the ermB, adenine methylase gene. Five isolates were resistant to clindamycin at lower minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs = 8-16 mg/L) and were susceptible to erythromycin and also ermB negative. All isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (MICs ranged between 4 and 32 mg/L). Eight isolates were resistant to tetracycline (MICs 12-32 mg/L). Of them, four isolates carried the tetM gene and four isolates the tetW gene. In addition, the tetracycline resistance determinants identified were: tetA (P) (n = 4); tetB (P); and tetL (n = 1 each). The presence of tetW or tetM, together with other tet-class mechanisms, lead to an increase in the MICs to tetracycline. C. difficile isolates derived from Czech horses are identical to the ribotypes identified in humans and carry acquired antimicrobial resistance genes whose dissemination from veterinary healthcare sector to humans should be monitored by the "One health" approach.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• enrofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• genotyp * MeSH
• koně mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods of Bohr-Enghoff physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (Vd/VtBohr-Enghoff) determination using a mixing chamber and an E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, clinical, method-comparison study. ANIMALS: Twenty horses anaesthetized for elective orthopaedic procedures. METHODS: Horses were anaesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and the lungs were mechanically ventilated (Vt 15±2 mL kg-1). Arterial blood was sampled to provide arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for dead space calculation using a metabolic monitor. Mixed expired partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PēCO2) obtained from the custom-made mixing chamber was recorded at the time of arterial blood sampling. Dead space fraction was calculated using the Enghoff modification of the Bohr equation. Agreement between the methods was assessed by Bland-Altman test. A clinically acceptable error was defined to be ≤ 10%. RESULTS: Forty-nine simultaneous Vd/VtBohr-Enghoff results were obtained. There was no clinically significant bias between the mixing chamber and E-CAiOVX. The limits of agreement were within a priori defined error (bias±95% limits of agreement: -0.022±0.078). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Acceptable agreement was found between the two methods. The E-CAiOVX metabolic monitor might be a suitable device for measuring Vd/VtBohr-Enghoff in anaesthetized horses.

• MeSH
• analýza krevních plynů veterinární   MeSH
• dechový objem MeSH
• inhalační anestezie škodlivé účinky   metody   veterinární   MeSH
• koně fyziologie   MeSH
• mrtvý prostor dýchacích cest * fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH