• MeSH
• frambézie epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• primáti MeSH
• Treponema pallidum genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• subsaharská Afrika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Habitat types can affect vector and pathogen distribution and transmission dynamics. The prevalence and genetic diversity of Plasmodium spp. in two eastern chimpanzee populations-Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda and Issa Valley, Tanzania-inhabiting different habitat types was investigated. As a follow up study the effect of host sex and age on infections patterns in Kalinzu Forest Reserve chimpanzees was determined. METHODS: Molecular methods were employed to detect Plasmodium DNA from faecal samples collected from savanna-woodland (Issa Valley) and forest (Kalinzu Forest Reserve) chimpanzee populations. RESULTS: Based on a Cytochrome-b PCR assay, 32 out of 160 Kalinzu chimpanzee faecal samples were positive for Plasmodium DNA, whilst no positive sample was detected in 171 Issa Valley chimpanzee faecal samples. Sequence analysis revealed that previously known Laverania species (Plasmodium reichenowi, Plasmodium billbrayi and Plasmodium billcollinsi) are circulating in the Kalinzu chimpanzees. A significantly higher proportion of young individuals were tested positive for infections, and switching of Plasmodium spp. was reported in one individual. Amongst the positive individuals sampled more than once, the success of amplification of Plasmodium DNA from faeces varied over sampling time. CONCLUSION: The study showed marked differences in the prevalence of malaria parasites among free ranging chimpanzee populations living in different habitats. In addition, a clear pattern of Plasmodium infections with respect to host age was found. The results presented in this study contribute to understanding the ecological aspects underlying the malaria infections in the wild. Nevertheless, integrative long-term studies on vector abundance, Plasmodium diversity during different seasons between sites would provide more insight on the occurrence, distribution and ecology of these pathogens.

• MeSH
• cytochromy b genetika   MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• malárie epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes * MeSH
• Plasmodium klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• protozoální DNA genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Tanzanie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Uganda epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Hookworms are important pathogens of humans. To date, Necator americanus is the sole, known species of the genus Necator infecting humans. In contrast, several Necator species have been described in African great apes and other primates. It has not yet been determined whether primate-originating Necator species are also parasitic in humans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The infective larvae of Necator spp. were developed using modified Harada-Mori filter-paper cultures from faeces of humans and great apes inhabiting Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. The first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of mtDNA obtained from the hookworm larvae were sequenced and compared. Three sequence types (I-III) were recognized in the ITS region, and 34 cox1 haplotypes represented three phylogenetic groups (A-C). The combinations determined were I-A, II-B, II-C, III-B and III-C. Combination I-A, corresponding to N. americanus, was demonstrated in humans and western lowland gorillas; II-B and II-C were observed in humans, western lowland gorillas and chimpanzees; III-B and III-C were found only in humans. Pairwise nucleotide difference in the cox1 haplotypes between the groups was more than 8%, while the difference within each group was less than 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The distinctness of ITS sequence variants and high number of pairwise nucleotide differences among cox1 variants indicate the possible presence of several species of Necator in both humans and great apes. We conclude that Necator hookworms are shared by humans and great apes co-habiting the same tropical forest ecosystems.

• MeSH
• ekosystém * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• Necator klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• nekatoriáza epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes MeSH
• primáti MeSH
• respirační komplex IV genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• sekvenční homologie MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• stromy * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středoafrická republika MeSH

V článku je popisovaná 30letá historie onemocnění AIDS od diagnostiky prvních klinických případů v r. 1981, po objev nového virového agens (v r. 1983), které onemocnění vyvolává. Jsou uváděny spory o prioritu objevu viru HIV a přiznání prvenství francouzskému týmu z Pasteurova institutu v Paříži i konečné potvrzení tohoto názoru vyjádřené udělením Nobelovy ceny v r. 2008 Luc Montagnierovi a jeho spolupracovnici Francoise Barré-Sinoussi.

The 30-year natural history of AIDS disease is presented from the first clinical cases reported in 1981 to the identification of the HIV as the etiological agent of the disease. The priority dispute between Robert C. Gallo and Luc Montagnier over the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus is briefly addressed. The final confirmation of the French priority was provided by the fact that the Nobel Prize in Medicine 2008 was awarded to Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barré- -Sinoussi from the Pasteur Institute in Paris.

• Klíčová slova
• SPID, HTLV III, LAV, Nobelova cena 2008,
• MeSH
• AIDS dějiny   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• HIV-1 imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• HIV-2 imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• HIV imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• homosexualita mužská MeSH
• infekce přenášené vektorem klasifikace   MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• Nobelova cena MeSH
• Sida MeSH
• výročí a významné události MeSH
• významné osobnosti MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Francie MeSH
• Haiti MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Chiroptera imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• hemoragická horečka Ebola dějiny   farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Filoviridae dějiny   epidemiologie   MeSH
• infekční nemoci dějiny   epidemiologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• klinický obraz nemoci MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• marburgská horečka dějiny   farmakoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• nemoci primátů diagnóza   epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• virus Ebola imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• virus Marburg imunologie   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Trophozoites of Troglocorys cava were detected in all but one of the wild chimpanzee populations from Rubondo Island (Tanzania), with a prevalence ranging between 20% and 78%. However, the ciliate was absent in all captive groups. Prevalence appeared to increase with the number of sequential samples taken from a particular individual and reached 95.5% in wild individuals sampled at least 4 times.

• MeSH
• Ciliophora klasifikace   cytologie   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• divoká zvířata MeSH
• feces parazitologie   MeSH
• infekce prvoky kmene Ciliophora epidemiologie   parazitologie   veterinární   MeSH
• mikroskopie MeSH
• nemoci primátů epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Pan troglodytes parazitologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Tanzanie MeSH