This paper reviews the clinical and pharmacoeconomic studies that have been conducted within Europe for patients undergoing elective hip-replacement surgery. Additionally, we offer a perspective on the possible future clinical use of new agents in orthopedic surgery, such as dabigatran and BAY 59-7939 (rivaroxban). Low-molecular weight heparins are standard therapy for patients requiring thromboprophylaxis and, therefore, we compare these with the other agents: vitamin K antagonists, fondaparinux and the direct oral inhibitors (thrombin or factor Xa inhibitors). The most evidence on the cost-effectiveness and efficacy is available for the low-molecular weight heparins and fondaparinux. Their major limitation is that they require parenteral administration. Only fondaparinux has undergone an extensive pharmacoeconomic evaluation. The direct thrombin inhibitors and direct factor Xa inhibitors are possibly the drugs of the future, but it must be borne in mind that they are still in Phase III clinical trials and, therefore,their safety and efficacy profile is not completely understood, neither are the pharmacoeconomic aspects.

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