Nutrient imbalances may negatively affect the health status of forests exposed to multiple stress factors, including drought and bark beetle calamities. We studied the origin of base cations in runoff from a small Carpathian catchment underlain by base-poor flysch turbidites using magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) isotope composition of 10 ecosystem compartments. Our objective was to constrain conclusions drawn from long-term hydrochemical monitoring of inputs and outputs. Annual export of Mg, Ca and Sr exceeds 5-to-15 times their atmospheric input. Mass budgets per se thus indicate sizeable net leaching of Mg, Ca and Sr from bedrock sandstones and claystones. Surprisingly, δ26Mg, δ44Ca and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of runoff were practically identical to those of atmospheric deposition and soil water but significantly different from bedrock isotope ratios. We did not find any carbonates in the studied area as a hypothetical, easily dissolvable source of base cations whose isotope composition might corroborate the predominance of geogenic base cations in the runoff. Marine carbonates typically have lower δ26 Mg and 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and silicate sediments often have higher δ26Mg and 87Sr/86Sr ratios than runoff at the study site. Mixing of these two sources, if confirmed, could reconcile the flux and isotope data.
- Klíčová slova
- Calcium, Forest catchment, Isotopes, Magnesium, Nutrient imbalances, Strontium,
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- hořčík * analýza MeSH
- izotopy stroncia analýza MeSH
- izotopy MeSH
- kationty MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- uhličitany MeSH
- vápník * analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- hořčík * MeSH
- izotopy stroncia MeSH
- izotopy MeSH
- kationty MeSH
- uhličitany MeSH
- vápník * MeSH
Transect sampling is an under-exploited tool in isotope studies of atmospheric pollution. Few studies have combined Zn and Pb isotope ratios to investigate whether atmospheric pollution at a receptor site is dominated by a different anthropogenic source of each of these toxic elements. It has been also unclear whether pollution abatement strategies in Central Europe have already resulted in regionally well-mixed background isotope signature of atmospheric Zn and Pb. Zinc and lead isotope ratios were determined in snow collected along a rural transect downwind from the Upper Silesian industrial area (southern Poland). Spatial and temporal gradients in δ66Zn and 206Pb/207Pb ratios at four sites were compared with those of ore and coal collected in eight Czech and Polish mining districts situated at distances of up to 500 km. Snow pollution was extremely high 8 km from Olkusz in 2011 (1670 μg Zn L-1; 240 μg Pb L-1), sharply decreased between 2011 and 2018, and remained low in 2019-2021. Snow pollution was lower at sites situated 28-68 km from Olkusz. Across study sites, mean δ66Zn and 206Pb/207Pb ratios of snow were -0.13‰ and 1.155, respectively. With an increasing distance from Olkusz, the δ66Zn values first increased and then decreased, while the 206Pb/207Pb ratios first decreased and then increased. The δ66Zn values in snow plotted closer to those of Upper Silesian ores (-0.20‰) than to the δ66Zn values of Upper Silesian stone coal (0.52‰), showing predominance of smelter-derived over power-plant derived Zn pollution. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios of Upper Silesian coal (1.171) and Upper Silesian ores (1.180) were higher compared to those of snow. A206Pb/207Pb vs.208Pb/207Pb plot identified legacy pollution from leaded gasoline as the low-radiogenic mixing end-member. Across the transect sites, only the last sampling campaign exhibited a high degree of isotope homogenization for both Zn and Pb.
- Klíčová slova
- Air pollution, Base-metal ore, Coal, Lead isotopes, Source apportionment, Zinc isotopes,
- MeSH
- izotopy analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- olovo * MeSH
- uhlí MeSH
- zinek analýza MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- izotopy MeSH
- olovo * MeSH
- uhlí MeSH
- zinek MeSH
Nitrogen (N) deposition, a key process of atmospheric self-cleaning, represents an important pathway for nutrients and pollutants to ecosystems. Enhanced N deposition flux contributes to acidification, eutrophication and loss of biodiversity. N-NO3- concentrations in rime and snow were measured at 10 Czech plots situated in borderline mountains in 2009-2011 winters. The results were put in context with data-driven geostatistical modelling results of annual wet vertical and horizontal deposition. Our hypotheses were that: (i) rime and snow would be more polluted in the highly industrialized north than in the south, (ii) the N-NO3- concentrations would differ in the three winters studied, and (iii), that N-NO3- rime deposition is not negligible in Central European mountain ranges. Our results indicated that winter N-NO3- concentrations were significantly higher in rime than in snow and that there were much larger between-site differences in N-NO3- concentrations for rime than for snow. Relatively large differences were found between individual years. Atmospheric input of N-NO3- in winter was dominated by vertical deposition, i.e., snow. Modelled results showed that mean winter rime deposition corresponded to about 6-25 %, and mean winter snow deposition made up 25-72.5 % of mean annual N-NO3- wet-only deposition. Model N-NO3-occult deposition estimated from throughfall and total (wet and dry) deposition is highly uncertain, however: N throughfall is not a relevant proxy for estimation of realistic total N deposition due to N exchange between the tree canopy and atmosphere.
- Klíčová slova
- 2009–2011, Ammonium, Atmospheric deposition, Nitrate, Nitrogen, Rime, Snow,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Soil solution chemistry depends largely on mineralogy and organic matter properties of soil horizons with which they interact. Differing lithologies within a given catchment area can influence variability in soil cation exchange capacities and affect solute transport. Zero-tension and tension lysimeters were used to evaluate the fast transport of solutes in the topsoil vs. slow diffusional matrix flow at the subsoil of three contrasting lithology catchments in a mid-elevation mountain forest. Our aim was to test the feasibility of lysimeters' hydrochemical data as a gauge for legacy subsoil pollution. Due to contrasting lithologies, atmospheric legacy pollution prevailing at the soil-regolith interface is differently yet consistently reflected by beryllium, lead, and chromium soil solution concentrations of the three catchments. Geochemical (dis)equilibrium between the soil and soil matrix water governed the hydrochemistry of the soil solutions at the time of collection, potentially contributing to decreased dissolved concentrations with increased depths at sites with higher soil pH. A complementary isotopic δ18O runoff generation model constrained potential seasonal responses and pointed to sufficiently long water-regolith interactions as to permit important seasonal contributions of groundwater enriched in chemical species to the topsoil levels. Our study also reflects subsoil equilibration with atmospheric solutes deposited at the topsoil and thus provides guidance for evaluating legacy pollution in soil profiles derived from contrasting lithology.
- Klíčová slova
- Groundwater vs. runoff contribution model, Lysimeters, Metal pollution, Shallow response times and recovery, Stable oxygen isotope, Vadose zone,
- MeSH
- kovy * analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- podzemní voda * MeSH
- půda * chemie MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kovy * MeSH
- látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- půda * MeSH
- voda MeSH
In highly industrialized, densely populated parts of Central Europe, mobilization of legacy Zn pollution from forest ecosystems may negatively affect the quality of water resources. To test this hypothesis, we determined the 66Zn/64Zn isotope ratios of 15 Zn reservoirs and fluxes in an acidified, spruce die-back affected mountain-slope catchment in northern Czech Republic. The δ66Zn values of precipitation, organic horizon, and runoff were statistically indistinguishable. In contrast, δ66Zn values of bedrock orthogneiss and mineral soil were significantly different from δ66Zn values of runoff. The magnitude of within-site Zn isotope fractionations appeared to be relatively small. Despite the large potential source of Zn in bedrock, runoff exported mostly young pollutant Zn that had been temporarily stored in the organic horizon. This conclusion was corroborated by comparing Zn input-output mass balances in the polluted northern catchment and in a relatively unpolluted catchment situated 250 km to the south. Seven-times higher Zn export via runoff at the northern site was controlled by a combination of 10-times higher atmospheric Zn input and five-times higher DOC leaching, compared to the southern site. In industrial areas, atmospherically deposited Zn is leached from headwater catchments in a direct analogy to leaching of highly toxic pollutant Pb.
- Klíčová slova
- atmospheric deposition, headwater catchments, pollution, runoff, zinc isotopes,
- MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zinek * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Názvy látek
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zinek * MeSH
Arsenic (As) concentrations and deposition fluxes were measured in snow and rime at 10 mountain-top sites near the borders between the Czech Republic and Austria, Germany, Poland, and Slovakia during three consecutive winter seasons (2009-2011). Our study was performed at a time following several decades of sharply decreasing regional atmospheric pollution and following the 2006 implementation of stricter air quality standards across Europe. Our objective was to compare vertical and horizontal depositions of soluble and insoluble As forms throughout the Czech Republic and define a recent Central European As pollution gradient. Arsenic soluble in weak nitric acid contributed 83 to 85% to the total As deposition, with the remaining 17-15% bound to stable particulate forms. The highest As deposition rates were recorded in the eastern Czech Republic near the borders with Poland and Slovakia. Complementary hydrochemical monitoring in four mountain-slope catchments situated near selected main study sites revealed a further decrease in open-area As deposition by the end of 2018 in the east of the country. In contrast, spruce canopy throughfall flux did not change significantly between 2009-2011 and 2016-2018. The site-specific relative roles of coal-burning-derived and ore-smelting-derived atmospheric As are discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Air pollution, Arsenic, Horizontal deposition, Hydrochemical monitoring, Rime, Small catchments, Vertical deposition,
- MeSH
- arsen * analýza MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Německo MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Rakousko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- arsen * MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * MeSH
Magnesium isotope ratios (26Mg/24Mg) can provide insights into the origin of Mg pools and fluxes in catchments where Mg sources have distinct isotope compositions, and the direction and magnitude of Mg isotope fractionations are known. Variability in Mg isotope compositions was investigated in three small, spruce-forested catchments in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) situated along an industrial pollution gradient. The following combinations of catchment characteristics were selected for the study: low-Mg bedrock + low Mg deposition (site LYS, underlain by leucogranite); high-Mg bedrock + low Mg deposition (site PLB, underlain by serpentinite), and low-Mg bedrock + high Mg deposition (site UDL, underlain by orthogneiss). UDL, affected by spruce die-back due to acid rain, was the only investigated site where dolomite was applied to mitigate forest decline. The δ26Mg values of 10 catchment compartments were determined on pooled subsamples. At LYS, a wide range of δ26Mg values was observed across the compartments, from -3.38 ‰ (bedrock) to -2.88 ‰ (soil), -1.48% (open-area precipitation), -1.34 ‰ (throughfall), -1.19 ‰ (soil water), -0.99 ‰ (xylem), -0.95 ‰ (needles), -0.82 ‰ (bark), -0.76 ‰ (fine roots), and -0.76 ‰ (runoff). The δ26Mg values at UDL spanned 1.32 ‰ and were thus less variable, compared to LYS. Magnesium at PLB was isotopically relatively homogeneous. The δ26Mg systematics was consistent with geogenic control of runoff Mg at PLB. Mainly atmospheric/biological control of runoff Mg was indicated at UDL, and possibly also at LYS. Our sites did not exhibit the combination of low-δ26Mg runoff and high-δ26Mg weathering products (secondary clay minerals) reported from several previously studied sites. Six years after the end of liming at UDL, Mg derived from dolomite was isotopically undetectable in runoff.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie MeSH
- hořčík chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- izotopy chemie MeSH
- kyselý déšť MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- stromy chemie MeSH
- uhličitan vápenatý chemie MeSH
- znečištění životního prostředí prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Názvy látek
- calcium magnesium carbonate MeSH Prohlížeč
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- hořčík MeSH
- izotopy MeSH
- kyselý déšť MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- půda MeSH
- uhličitan vápenatý MeSH
Cadmium (Cd) and its forms has recently been a focus of attention due to its toxic effects on human health and the environment. We evaluated the atmospheric deposition of Cd during three consecutive winter seasons (2009-2011) at 10 mountain-top locations in the Czech Republic along the borders with Poland, Germany, Austria and Slovakia. Cadmium concentrations of soluble and insoluble forms in both horizontal (rime) and vertical (snow) deposition were determined using sector-field ICP-MS. Across the sites, 94% of the total winter Cd deposition occurred in the soluble (environmentally available) Cd form. Mean concentrations of soluble Cd in rime were six times higher than in snow (398 vs. 66 ng L-1). Vertical deposition contributed as much as 41% to the total winter Cd input. Between-site variability in Cd deposition was large, ranging between 13 and 108 μg m-2 winter-1. Overall, Cd concentrations in winter deposition did not reach the drinking water limits and did not pose a direct threat for human health. Long-term trends (1996-2017) in winter Cd deposition were evaluated at six GEOMON sites (a monitoring network of small forested catchments). Since 1996, Cd input in winter atmospheric deposition decreased by 73-93%. Simultaneously, we found declines in between-site variability in winter Cd inputs. The highest recent winter Cd inputs were found at sites located in the northeast of the country. A north-south pollution gradient, which has frequently been mentioned in the literature, was not observed, with both northwestern sites and southern sites being among those with the lowest Cd pollution. Backward trajectories of the HYSPLIT model for fresh snow samples identified Poland and Germany as major transboundary Cd pollution sources for the Czech Republic.
- Klíčová slova
- Czech Republic, Environmental availability, Insoluble fraction, Pollution, Rime, Snow,
- MeSH
- kadmium * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Německo MeSH
- Polsko MeSH
- Rakousko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- kadmium * MeSH
"Comparison of nitrogen inputs and accumulation in 210 Pb-dated peat cores: Evidence for biological N2 -fixation in Central European peatlands despite decades of atmospheric N pollution" https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14505, by Martin Novak, Melanie A. Vile, Jan Curik, Bohuslava Cejkova, Jiri Barta, Marketa Stepanova, Ivana Jackova, Frantisek Buzek, Leona Bohdalkova, Eva Prechova, Frantisek Veselovsky, Marie Adamova, Ivana Valkova and Arnost Komarek. The above article, first published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) in Global Change Biology, has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor-in-Chief, Stephen P. Long, and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Since publication of the above article, it was brought to the attention of the authors that the peat accretion rates violate reasonable ranges of peatland C/N/P stoichiometry, placing the quantitative conclusions of the article in serious error. The authors apologize for any inconvenience the publication of this work may have caused our readers. REFERENCE Novak, M., Vile, M. A., Cejkova, B., Barta, J., Stepanova, M., Jackova, I., Buzek, F., Bohdalkova, L., Prechova, E., Veselovsky, F., Adamova, M., Valkova, I., & Komarek, A. (2018). Comparison of nitrogen inputs and accumulation in 210 Pb-dated peat cores: Evidence for biological N2 -fixation in Central European peatlands despite decades of atmospheric N pollution. Global Change Biology.. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14505.
- Publikační typ
- odvolání publikace MeSH
The impact of a natural wetland ("dambo" in Zambia) on neutral mine drainage at Luanshya in the Zambian Copperbelt has been investigated during an intermediate discharge period (July) using a multi-method characterization of solid phase samples, sequential extraction analysis, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy combined with water analyses, isotopic analyses, and geochemical modeling. In the wetland, the principal identified solid phases in sediments were carbonates, gypsum, and ferric oxyhydroxides. A significant portion of the ochres was present as insoluble hematite. Mine drainage pH values decrease, and log [Formula: see text] values increase after inflow of water into the wetland; dissolved and suspended concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Co also decrease. Based on speciation calculations, there is no precipitation of secondary Cu and Co minerals in the period of sampling, but it can occur later in dry period when the flow rate is reduced. Concentrations of sulfate decrease, and values of δ34S(SO4) in the wetland increase in parallel, suggesting sulfate reduction is occurring. In more advanced dry period, the discharge in mine drainage stream is probably much lower and water can reach supersaturation with respect to minerals such as gypsum, which has been found in sediments. Wetlands have a positive impact on mine drainage water quality due to the removal of metals by adsorption, co-precipitation, and filtration of colloids. However, there can also be a rebound of contamination by seepage inflow downstream from the wetland. Ongoing climate change with extreme hydrologic events may enhance differences between dry and rainy seasons with resulting faster mobilization of contaminants.
- Klíčová slova
- Adsorption, Climate change, Neutral mine drainage, Ochres, Wetland, Zambia,
- MeSH
- adsorpce MeSH
- chemická precipitace MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- difrakce rentgenového záření MeSH
- filtrace MeSH
- hornictví * MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- koloidy MeSH
- minerály chemie MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * metody MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- počasí MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- síran vápenatý chemie MeSH
- sírany analýza MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza MeSH
- uhličitany chemie MeSH
- železité sloučeniny MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Zambie MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- ferric oxide MeSH Prohlížeč
- ferric oxyhydroxide MeSH Prohlížeč
- koloidy MeSH
- minerály MeSH
- odpadní voda MeSH
- síran vápenatý MeSH
- sírany MeSH
- těžké kovy MeSH
- uhličitany MeSH
- železité sloučeniny MeSH
