Restricted range size brings about noteworthy genetic consequences that may affect the viability of a population and eventually its extinction. Particularly, the question if an increase in inbreeding can avert the accumulation of genetic load via purging is hotly debated in the conservation genetic field. Insular populations with limited range sizes represent an ideal setup for relating range size to these genetic factors. Leveraging a set of eight differently sized populations of Galápagos mockingbirds (Mimus), we investigated how island size shaped effective population size (Ne), inbreeding and genetic load. We assembled a genome of M. melanotis and genotyped three individuals per population by whole-genome resequencing. Demographic inference showed that the Ne of most populations remained high after the colonisation of the archipelago 1-2 Mya. Ne decline in M. parvulus happened only 10-20 Kya, whereas the critically endangered M. trifasciatus showed a longer history of reduced Ne. Despite these historical fluctuations, the current island size determines Ne in a linear fashion. In contrast, significant inbreeding coefficients, derived from runs of homozygosity, were identified only in the four smallest populations. The index of additive genetic load suggested purging in M. parvulus, where the smallest populations showed the lowest load. By contrast, M. trifasciatus carried the highest genetic load, possibly due to a recent rapid bottleneck. Overall, our study demonstrates a complex effect of demography on inbreeding and genetic load, providing implications in conservation genetics in general and in a conservation project of M. trifasciatus in particular.

• Klíčová slova
• conservation genetics, demographic inference, genetic diversity, genetic load,
• MeSH
• genetická zátěž * MeSH
• genom genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• hustota populace * MeSH
• inbreeding * MeSH
• ostrovy * MeSH
• Passeriformes genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Ekvádor MeSH
• ostrovy * MeSH

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Men face distinctive health-related challenges as a result of biological, behavioral, and sociocultural factors. In addition, the modern healthcare system does not offer men equal opportunities and options to ensure sex-specific access and delivery to health services. Men's health concerns are, indeed, often not addressed or even forgotten. In this review, we wanted to assess the impact of biology and sociocultural effects on sex-specific life-expectancy. RECENT FINDINGS: Globally, men have a shorter life expectancy than women. With a 5.8 years gender gap in the USA and 5.4 in the EU-27 (both in 2022). Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and accidents continue to represent the primary causes of mortality for both genders with all having disproportional preponderance in men. In recent years, there has been a notable decline in age-adjusted mortality rates related to cancer, while there has been an increase in deaths from accidental and intentional self-harm. Moreover, in the United States, men are more likely than women to develop and die from nonsex-specific cancers. As a result, men's poor health affects productivity, absenteeism, and employment. SUMMARY: The status of men in healthcare is complex. It is rooted in history, culture, and institutions. To address disparities, we need a comprehensive approach that includes policy reforms, sociocultural changes, and a fair and equitable public discourse. Grassroots and top-down strategies are needed to ensure a value-based societal healthcare system acknowledging the unique health needs of men.

• MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• disparity zdravotního stavu MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití * MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rovnost ve zdraví MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zdraví mužů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To determine the disparities in length of live and age-specific probabilities of death of US Olympians by sex, performance level, and age at debut at the Olympics. METHODS: We apply parametric models of mortality to estimate probabilities of death by age. The best performing model (Gompertz model) is then used to calculate life tables for subpopulations of Olympians. The life table functions are then used to decompose the differences in life expectancies by age. RESULTS: Olympians live longer than the general population but are a diverse population in terms of survival. Gender gap in survival is substantially smaller in Olympians than in general population. Medalists have a shorter lifespan than nonmedalists. Olympians debuting at extremely young ages (<22) have a survival disadvantage compared with Olympians debuting at older ages. The differences between general population and Olympians are widening in younger cohorts. CONCLUSION: US Olympians outlive the general population, but they constitute diverse group in terms of survival by sex, age at debut, and performance level. Studying and monitoring health disparities within the Olympic population is crucial for informing policies and regulations in sports organizations.

• Klíčová slova
• disparities, elite athletes, mortality,
• MeSH
• disparity zdravotního stavu MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mortalita trendy   MeSH
• naděje dožití * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• tabulky života MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH

Cardiometabolic disease is the leading cause of death in zoo apes; yet its etiology remains unknown. Here, we investigated compositional and functional microbial markers in fecal samples from 57 gorillas across U.S. zoos, 20 of which are diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, in contrast with 17 individuals from European zoos and 19 wild gorillas from Central Africa. Results show that zoo-housed gorillas in the U.S. exhibit the most diverse gut microbiomes and markers of increased protein and carbohydrate fermentation, at the expense of microbial metabolic traits associated with plant cell-wall degradation. Machine learning models identified unique microbial traits in U.S. gorillas with cardiometabolic distress; including reduced metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and hexoses, increased abundance of potential enteric pathogens, and low fecal butyrate and propionate production. These findings show that cardiometabolic disease in gorillas is potentially associated with altered gut microbial function, influenced by zoo-specific diets and environments.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   metabolismus   izolace a purifikace   genetika   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• feces * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Gorilla gorilla * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * mikrobiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• nemoci lidoopů mikrobiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké epidemiologie   MeSH
• střední Afrika MeSH

The molecular basis of increased hemoglobin in Andean Aymara highlanders is unknown. We conducted an integrative analysis of whole-genome-sequencing and granulocytes transcriptomics from Aymara and Europeans in Bolivia to explore genetic basis of the Aymara high hemoglobin. Differentially expressed and spliced genes in Aymaras were associated with inflammatory and hypoxia-related pathways. We identified transcripts with 4th or 5th exon skipping of NFKB1 (AS-NFKB1), key part of NF-kB complex, and their splicing quantitative trait loci; these were increased in Aymaras. AS-NFKB1 transcripts correlated with both transcripts and protein levels of inflammatory and HIF-regulated genes, including hemoglobin. While overexpression of the AS-NFKB1 variant led to increased expression of inflammatory and HIF-targeted genes; under inflammatory stress, NF-kB protein translocation to the nucleus was attenuated, resulting in reduced expression of these genes. Our study reveals AS-NFKB1 splicing events correlating with increased hemoglobin in Aymara and their possible protective mechanisms against excessive inflammation.

• MeSH
• alternativní sestřih * genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exony genetika   MeSH
• faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií - podjednotka alfa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• granulocyty metabolismus   MeSH
• hemoglobiny * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokus kvantitativního znaku MeSH
• NF-kappa B - podjednotka p50 * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• zánět * genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bolívie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií - podjednotka alfa MeSH
• hemoglobiny * MeSH
• NF-kappa B - podjednotka p50 * MeSH
• NFKB1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

AIM: To determine risk factors associated with keratoconus in Bucaramanga, Colombia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A paired case-control study was conducted at Bucaramanga, Colombia, between November 2022 and December 2023. The controls were age- and sex-matched. Patients answered a questionnaire designed for this study regarding their family history of keratoconus, eye rubbing, atopy, sun exposure, and sleeping habits. Information from medical records was also obtained. Univariate and multivariate conditional analyses were used to test the significance of associations. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-six patients with a diagnosis of keratoconus and 312 controls were included. Univariate analyses revealed significant differences between cases and controls in the following factors: very frequent eye rubbing (OR = 20.9, 95% CI 6.2-70.1), a positive family history of keratoconus (OR = 13.0, 95% CI 5.5-30.8), a personal history of atopy (OR = 2.2), and nocturnal eye compression (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.7). Multivariate analysis showed a statistical significance for eye rubbing (OR = 6.9, 95% CI 3.8-12.5), and family history of keratoconus (OR = 10.3, 95% CI 2.3-44.9). There was a significant mild interaction between both, since when the two coincided the OR increased up to 74.1 times. CONCLUSION: Eye rubbing and family history of keratoconus were the most important risk factors for keratoconus in our population. Although it is impossible to establish causal relationships, our results suggest that controlling eye rubbing could be a potentially useful preventive measure, particularly in individuals with a family history of keratoconus. Other factors, such as sun exposure, sleeping position, and atopy, may play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Case-control studies, Latin America, keratoconus, risk factors,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci * MeSH
• keratokonus * genetika   etiologie   diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kolumbie MeSH

This article investigates cross-cultural differences in analytic/holistic cognitive styles among participants from 11 countries: Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czechia, Germany, Ghana, Philippines, Slovakia, Taiwan, and Türkiye. Using a preregistered design, 993 university students were assessed with three perceptual tasks based on Navon's hierarchical figures and Gottschaldt's embedded figures. Analytic and holistic cognitive styles were estimated using reaction time modeling, specifically a Bayesian four-parameter shifted Wald distribution and a hierarchical linear ballistic accumulator model. The results revealed notable cross-cultural variations in cognitive styles, though these differences did not align with predictions from analytic/holistic cognitive style theory. Countries traditionally characterized as more holistic or analytic did not consistently show the expected cognitive style patterns. Multilevel modeling examined the influence of country-level variables, such as Hofstede's and Schwartz's cultural dimensions. While some dimensions, like individualism and long-term orientation, were associated with both analytic and holistic thinking, many cultural predictors had no significant impact on cognitive styles. Additionally, exploratory latent profile analysis assessed cognitive metastyles, such as flexibility and rigidity, but the findings do not support the presence of a rigidity metastyle. No profiles exhibited a strong preference for one cognitive dimension while showing a low preference for the other. These findings challenge the straightforward application of analytic/holistic theory across diverse cultural contexts and suggest a need for reevaluation of its generalizability. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• myšlení MeSH
• reakční čas * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Arménie MeSH
• Austrálie MeSH
• Brazílie MeSH
• Bulharsko MeSH
• Filipíny etnologie   MeSH
• Ghana MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH
• Taiwan MeSH

Salmonid fishes are a widespread and economically important group of fishes that are strongly affected by anthropogenic environmental degradation. Consequently, studies on their behavior and ecology are essential for their conservation. Wild Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) were observed in an unimpacted Alaskan river using underwater video observations for two consecutive summers (2015 and 2016). Foraging, aggressive behavior, and position held by individual fish were quantified. Fish held focal positions in the water column most of the time (mean = 81%), active foraging was observed for 14% of the observation periods, and antagonistic interactions occurred during 5% of the time. The analysis of intraspecific aggression revealed that aggressive interactions occurred between conspecifics of similar sizes (±100 mm), although the winners of bouts were significantly larger than the losers. Notably, initiators emerged as more successful in these bouts compared to receivers, irrespective of body length. These findings underscore the significance of conducting field studies to gain valuable insights into the behavior of fish in their natural stream environments.

• Klíčová slova
• Alaska, aggression, behavior, stream fish, visual observation,
• MeSH
• agrese * MeSH
• řeky * MeSH
• Salmonidae * fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální dominance MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• velikost těla * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Aljaška MeSH

Rare and unknown actinobacteria from unexplored environments have the potential to produce new bioactive molecules. This study aimed to use 16 s rRNA metabarcoding to determine the composition of the actinobacterial community, particularly focusing on rare and undescribed species, in a nature reserve within the Brazilian Cerrado called Sete Cidades National Park. Since this is an inaccessible area without due legal authorization, it is understudied, and, therefore, its diversity and biotechnological potential are not yet fully understood, and it may harbor species with groundbreaking genetic potential. In total, 543 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) across 14 phyla were detected, with Actinobacteria (41.2%), Proteobacteria (26.5%), and Acidobacteria (14.3%) being the most abundant. Within Actinobacteria, 107 OTUs were found, primarily from the families Mycobacteriaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, and Streptomycetaceae. Mycobacterium and Streptomyces were the predominant genera across all samples. Seventeen rare OTUs with relative abundance < 0.1% were identified, with 82.3% found in only one sample yet 25.5% detected in all units. Notable rare and transient genera included Salinibacterium, Nocardia, Actinomycetospora_01, Saccharopolyspora, Sporichthya, and Nonomuraea. The high diversity and distribution of Actinobacteria OTUs indicate the area's potential for discovering new rare species. Intensified prospection on underexplored environments and characterization of their actinobacterial diversity could lead to the discovery of new species capable of generating innovative natural products.

• Klíčová slova
• Abundance, OTUs, Preserved environments, Rare bacteria, Taxonomy,
• MeSH
• Actinobacteria * chemie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• metagenom MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S analýza   MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• veřejné parky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Brazílie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• půda MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

Drying river networks include non-perennial reaches that cease to flow or dry, and drying is becoming more prevalent with ongoing climate change. Biodiversity responses to drying have been explored mostly at local scales in a few regions, such as Europe and North America, limiting our ability to predict future global scenarios of freshwater biodiversity. Locally, drying acts as a strong environmental filter that selects for species with adaptations promoting resistance or resilience to desiccation, thus reducing aquatic α-diversity. At the river network scale, drying generates complex mosaics of dry and wet habitats, shaping metacommunities driven by both environmental and dispersal processes. By repeatedly resetting community succession, drying can enhance β-diversity in space and time. To investigate the transferability of these concepts across continents, we compiled and analyzed a unique dataset of 43 aquatic invertebrate metacommunities from drying river networks in Europe and South America. In Europe, α-diversity was consistently lower in non-perennial than perennial reaches, whereas this pattern was not evident in South America. Concomitantly, β-diversity was higher in non-perennial reaches than in perennial ones in Europe but not in South America. In general, β-diversity was predominantly driven by turnover rather than nestedness. Dispersal was the main driver of metacommunity dynamics, challenging prevailing views in river science that environmental filtering is the primary process shaping aquatic metacommunities. Lastly, α-diversity decreased as drying duration increased, but this was not consistent across Europe. Overall, drying had continent-specific effects, suggesting limited transferability of knowledge accumulated from North America and Europe to other biogeographic regions. As climate change intensifies, river drying is increasing, and our results underscore the importance of studying its effects across different regions. The importance of dispersal also suggests that management efforts should seek to enhance connectivity between reaches to effectively monitor, restore and conserve freshwater biodiversity.

• Klíčová slova
• assembly mechanisms, dispersal, drying duration, intermittent river, macroinvertebrate, metacommunity, temporal dynamics,
• MeSH
• bezobratlí * fyziologie   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• klimatické změny * MeSH
• řeky * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Jižní Amerika MeSH