Co-infection, caused by multiple pathogen attacks on an organism, can lead to disease development or immunity. This complex interaction can be synergetic, co-existing, or antagonistic, ultimately influencing disease severity. The interaction between fungus, bacterium, and virus (three kingdom pathogens) is most prevalent. However, the underlying mechanisms of co-infection need to be explored further. In this study, we investigated the co-infection phenomenon in rice plants exposed to multiple pathogen species, specifically Rice necrosis mosaic virus (RNMV) and rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae, MO), bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, XO) or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Our research showed that RNMV interacts synergistically with MO, XO, or CMV, increasing pathogen growth and lesion size. These findings suggest positive synergy in RNMV co-infections with three kingdom pathogens, increasing accumulation and symptoms. Additionally, to investigate the role of RNAi in pathogen synergism, we analyzed rice mutant lines deficient in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (OsRDR1) or 6 (OsRDR6). Notably, we observed the loss of synergy in each mutant line, highlighting the crucial role of OsRDR1 and OsRDR6 in maintaining the positive interaction between RNMV and three kingdom pathogens. Hence, our study emphasized the role of the RNA silencing pathway in the intricate landscape of pathogen interactions; the study's outcome could be applied to understand the plant defense response to improve crop yields.
- Klíčová slova
- Cucumber mosaic virus, Magnaporthe oryzae, RNA dependent RNA polymerase 1/6, Rice necrosis mosaic virus, Synergy, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,
- MeSH
- Ascomycota MeSH
- Cucumovirus fyziologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- koinfekce virologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Magnaporthe fyziologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nemoci rostlin * mikrobiologie virologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rýže (rod) * mikrobiologie virologie genetika MeSH
- Xanthomonas * fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) immune receptors directly or indirectly recognize pathogen-secreted effector molecules to initiate plant defense. Recognition of multiple pathogens by a single NLR is rare and usually occurs via monitoring for changes to host proteins; few characterized NLRs have been shown to recognize multiple effectors. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) NLR gene Mildew locus a (Mla) has undergone functional diversification, and the proteins encoded by different Mla alleles recognize host-adapted isolates of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei [Bgh]). Here, we show that Mla3 also confers resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in a dosage-dependent manner. Using a forward genetic screen, we discovered that the recognized effector from M. oryzae is Pathogenicity toward Weeping Lovegrass 2 (Pwl2), a host range determinant factor that prevents M. oryzae from infecting weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Mla3 has therefore convergently evolved the capacity to recognize effectors from diverse pathogens.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * MeSH
- Eragrostis * metabolismus MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * genetika MeSH
- Magnaporthe * MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny metabolismus MeSH
- virulence genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- rostlinné proteiny MeSH
Response of rice (Oryza sativa) exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses can be quantified by employing fast and accurate optical methods. In this study, the overall stress responses of (i) 12 near-isogenic lines (NILs) in the genetic background of the rice blast-susceptible cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and (ii) four NILs in the genetic background of the bacterial blight-susceptible cultivar IR24, were inspected by means of Chl fluorescence (Chl-F) imaging. The distribution of the maximum and effective quantum yield of PSII (Fv/FM and QY) and steady-state Chl-F (Ft) were found to be effective in differentiating symptomatic leaf tissue for both rice blast and bacterial blight, which correlated well with 30 cycles of rice blast and six cycles of bacterial blight previously screened using classical (manual) approaches. Subsequently, identified Chl-F parameters allowing detection under ambient light (QY and Ft) were tested across both biotic and abiotic (drought) stress experiments, for rice cultivars contrasting for drought stress response (N22, IR64 and NSIC Rc 222). Their applicability has been proven for both rice blast and bacterial blight; however, QY failed to detect the effect of drought. In addition to Chl-F, the usefulness of 11 selected vegetation indices (Vis) was tested on these three cultivars exposed to particular stresses: (i) rice blast was detectable by Vis calculated from the visible spectrum; (ii) bacterial blight by near-infrared-related Vis; and (iii) drought by Vis calculated from the visible spectrum. The key Chl-F parameters and/or Vis have been summarized and discussed.
- Klíčová slova
- Bacterial blight, Chlorophyll fluorescence, Drought stress, Reflectance, Rice bast,
- MeSH
- chlorofyl chemie metabolismus MeSH
- fluorescence MeSH
- fluorometrie MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- listy rostlin genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Magnaporthe fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- období sucha * MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rýže (rod) genetika metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- spektrofotometrie MeSH
- Xanthomonas fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlorofyl MeSH
- fotosystém II - proteinový komplex MeSH
BACKGROUND: Cytomics aims at understanding the function of cellular systems by analysis of single cells. Recently, there has been a growing interest in single cell measurements being performed in microfluidic systems. These systems promise to integrate staining, measurement, and analysis in a single system. One important aspect is the limitation of allowable cell sizes due to microfluidic channel dimensions. Here we want to demonstrate the broad applicability of microfluidic chip technology for the analysis of many different cell types. METHODS: We have developed a microfluidic chip and measurement system that allows flow cytometric analysis of fluorescently stained cells from different organisms. In this setup, the cells are moved by pressure-driven flow inside a network of microfluidic channels and are analyzed individually by fluorescence detection. RESULTS: We have successfully applied the system to develop a methodology to detect viable and dead cells in yeast cell populations. Also, we have measured short interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated silencing of protein expression in mammalian cells. In addition, we have characterized the infection state of Magnaportae grisea fungal spores. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained with the microfluidic system demonstrate a broad applicability of microfluidic flow cytometry to measurement of various cell types.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- fluorescenční barviva MeSH
- HeLa buňky MeSH
- Jurkat buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Magnaporthe cytologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- mikrofluidika přístrojové vybavení metody normy MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- RNA analýza genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytologie MeSH
- spory hub klasifikace růst a vývoj MeSH
- tlak MeSH
- umlčování genů MeSH
- velikost buňky MeSH
- viabilita buněk fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fluorescenční barviva MeSH
- RNA MeSH
