The late 5th instar caterpillar of the cecropia silk moth (Hyalophora cecropia) spins a silken cocoon with a distinct, multilayered architecture. The cocoon construction program, first described by the seminal work of Van der Kloot and Williams, consists of a highly ordered sequence of events. We perform behavioral experiments to re-evaluate the original cecropia work, which hypothesized that the length of silk that passes through the spinneret controls the orderly execution of each of the discrete events of cocoon spinning. We confirm and extend by three-dimensional scanning and quantitative measurements of silk weights that if cocoon construction is interrupted, upon re-spinning, the caterpillar continues the cocoon program from where it left off. We also confirm and extend by quantitative measurements of silk weights that cecropia caterpillars will not bypass any of the sections of the cocoon during the construction process, even if presented with a pre-spun section of a cocoon spun by another caterpillar. Blocking silk output inhibits caterpillars from performing normal spinning behaviors used for cocoon construction. Surprisingly, unblocking silk output 24-hr later did not restart the cocoon construction program, suggesting the involvement of a temporally-defined interval timer. We confirm with surgical reductions of the silk glands that it is the length of silk itself that matters, rather than the total amount of silk extracted by individuals. We used scanning electron microscopy to directly show that either mono- or dual-filament silk (i.e., equal silk lengths but which vary in their total amount of silk extracted) can be used to construct equivalent cocoons of normal size and that contain the relevant layers. We propose that our findings, taken together with the results of prior studies, strongly support the hypothesis that the caterpillar uses a silk "odometer" to measure the length of silk extracted during cocoon construction but does so in a temporally regulated manner. We further postulate that our examination of the anatomy of the silk spinning apparatus and ablating spinneret sensory output provides evidence that silk length measurement occurs upstream of output from the spinneret.

• MeSH
• biobehaviorální přístup MeSH
• biologická proměna fyziologie   MeSH
• bourec anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• čití, cítění fyziologie   MeSH
• hedvábí analýza   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• kukla fyziologie   MeSH
• Manduca anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• senzorická zpětná vazba fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hedvábí MeSH

Existing event detection algorithms for eye-movement data almost exclusively rely on thresholding one or more hand-crafted signal features, each computed from the stream of raw gaze data. Moreover, this thresholding is largely left for the end user. Here we present and develop gazeNet, a new framework for creating event detectors that do not require hand-crafted signal features or signal thresholding. It employs an end-to-end deep learning approach, which takes raw eye-tracking data as input and classifies it into fixations, saccades and post-saccadic oscillations. Our method thereby challenges an established tacit assumption that hand-crafted features are necessary in the design of event detection algorithms. The downside of the deep learning approach is that a large amount of training data is required. We therefore first develop a method to augment hand-coded data, so that we can strongly enlarge the data set used for training, minimizing the time spent on manual coding. Using this extended hand-coded data, we train a neural network that produces eye-movement event classification from raw eye-movement data without requiring any predefined feature extraction or post-processing steps. The resulting classification performance is at the level of expert human coders. Moreover, an evaluation of gazeNet on two other datasets showed that gazeNet generalized to data from different eye trackers and consistently outperformed several other event detection algorithms that we tested.

• Klíčová slova
• Deep learning, Event detection, Eye movements, Fixation, PSO, Saccade,
• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuronové sítě (počítačové) * MeSH
• plnění a analýza úkolů MeSH
• pohyby očí * MeSH
• sakadické oční pohyby MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Eyetracking research in psychology has grown exponentially over the past decades, as equipment has become cheaper and easier to use. The surge in eyetracking research has not, however, been equaled by a growth in methodological awareness, and practices that are best avoided have become commonplace. We describe nine threats to the validity of eyetracking research and provide, whenever possible, advice on how to avoid or mitigate these challenges. These threats concern both internal and external validity and relate to the design of eyetracking studies, to data preprocessing, to data analysis, and to the interpretation of eyetracking data.

• Klíčová slova
• Best practice, Data analysis, Experimental design, External validity, Eyetracking, Internal validity, Researcher degrees of freedom,
• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• měření pohybů očí přístrojové vybavení   normy   MeSH
• pohyby očí * MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• software MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This is one of the first studies, which compares the level of stigmatizing behaviour in countries that used to be on the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain. The aim was to identify the prevalence of reported and intended stigmatizing behaviour towards those with mental health problems in the Czech Republic and to compare these findings with the findings from England. The 8-item Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS) was used to assess stigmatising behaviour among a representative sample of the Czech population (n=1797). Results were compared with the findings of an analogous survey from England (n=1720), which also used the RIBS. The extent of reported behaviour (i.e., past and present experiences with those with mental health problems) was lower in the Czech Republic than in England. While 12.7% of Czechs reported that they lived, 12.9% that they worked, and 15.3% that they were acquainted with someone who had mental health problems, the respective numbers for England were 18.5%, 26.3% and 32.5% (P<0.001 in each of these items). On the other hand, the extent of intended stigmatizing behaviour towards those with mental health problems is considerably higher in the Czech Republic. Out of maximum 20 points attached to possible responses to the RIBS items 5-8, Czechs had a lower total score (x=11.0, SD=4.0) compared to English respondents (x=16.1, SD=3.6), indicating lower willingness to accept a person with mental health problems (P<0.001). The prevalence of stigmatizing behaviour in the Czech Republic is worrying. Both, further research and evidence based anti-stigma interventions, should be pursued in order to better understand and decrease stigmatizing behaviour in the Czech Republic and possibly across the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

• Klíčová slova
• Central and Eastern Europe, Mental illness, Post-communism, Social distance, Stigma,
• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy * etnologie   psychologie   MeSH
• duševní zdraví etnologie   MeSH
• etnopsychologie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• společenské stigma * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Anglie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

AIM: To provide an overview of gambling and associated problems in the Czech Republic, including an overview of the historical context, legislation, prevalence, treatment and research base and agenda. METHODS: A review of literature and relevant sources. RESULTS: The trajectory of gambling patterns in the territory of the Czech Republic in the 20th century reflected broad socio-political changes. Those included significant expansion between the wars, strict state control and bans on some gambling activities during the communist regime and finally dynamic development characterized by a boom in electronic gaming machines (EGMs) and increasing accessibility of gambling facilities after 1989, which aggravated gambling-related problems. Many municipalities have banned EGMs, which has created conflict in regulation at state and municipal levels. The draft gambling law prepared in 2014 aims to clarify the regulatory framework. Before 2012 there was only sporadic research interest in gambling, but in 2012 the first complex research on gaming and problem gambling in the Czech population took place. The estimated prevalence of problem gambling is currently 2% in the population aged 15-64 years. Preventive measures, counselling and treatment services for problem gamblers are limited. CONCLUSIONS: Weak and ineffective regulation of the gambling market in the Czech Republic during the past 20 years, despite the large growth in gambling, has led to inadequate prevention and response to problem gambling which has become a considerable public health, social and political issue.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech Republic, gambling, prevalence, problem gambling, regulation, research, treatment,
• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum * dějiny   trendy   MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• hráčství * epidemiologie   dějiny   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• návykové chování * epidemiologie   dějiny   terapie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• dějiny středověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Spatial navigation comprises a widely-studied complex of animal behaviors. Its study offers many methodological advantages over other approaches, enabling assessment of a variety of experimental questions and the possibility to compare the results across different species. Spatial navigation in laboratory animals is often considered a model of higher human cognitive functions including declarative memory. Almost fifteen years ago, a novel dry-arena task for rodents was designed in our laboratory, originally named the place avoidance task, and later a modification of this approach was established and called active place avoidance task. It employs a continuously rotating arena, upon which animals are trained to avoid a stable sector defined according to room-frame coordinates. This review describes the development of the place avoidance tasks, evaluates the cognitive processes associated with performance and explores the application of place avoidance in the testing of spatial learning after neuropharmacological, lesion and other experimental manipulations.

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• neurovědy metody   MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• prostorové chování fyziologie   MeSH
• učení vyhýbat se fyziologie   MeSH
• vnímání prostoru fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Behavioral outcome in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most important factor for evaluating the extent of injury and treatment efficacy. For this purpose, a number of behavioral testing methods can be used. In this review, 35 individual locomotor, motor, sensory, sensory-motor, autonomic or electrophysiological behavioral tests, their weaknesses and strengths, testing conditions, the need for habituation, pre-training and/or food deprivation, methods for increasing the animals' skills, systematic testing protocols and methods for selecting the proper behavioral tests for particular injury models are discussed on the basis of a retrospective analysis of scientific studies published from 1995 to 2007. This review is primarily targeted towards researchers outside the field or to researchers new to the field of SCI.

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• motorické dovednosti MeSH
• obnova funkce fyziologie   MeSH
• poranění míchy * MeSH
• regenerace nervu fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum dějiny   MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• neuroendokrinologie dějiny   MeSH
• odměny a ceny * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH

• O autorovi
• Klein, Zdenek

• MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum * MeSH
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuroendokrinologie dějiny   MeSH
• odměny a ceny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 20. století MeSH
• dějiny 21. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• oslavné články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• O autorovi
• Klein, Zdenek

• Klíčová slova
• BEHAVIOR MECHANISMS *,
• MeSH
• autistická porucha * MeSH
• behaviorální výzkum * MeSH
• chování * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH