The knowledge of chloropropanediols (MCPD) fatty acid esters formation pathways is an important condition for these processing contaminants mitigation. This study aimed to assess the potential of a group of lipophilic environmental contaminants, polychlorinated alkanes, commonly known as chlorinated paraffins (CPs), to contribute to the formation of MCPD esters. Laboratory-scale model systems representing vegetable oils contaminated with both a technical mixture of short-chained CPs and individual short-chained CPs were designed and subjected to heat treatment (230 °C, 2 h) to simulate the deacidification and deodorisation processes. A substantial increase in MCPD content (up to 3.4 times the control levels) was observed in systems spiked with a technical mixture. MCPD formation seems to correlate very well with the concentration of CPs in these systems. Based on the generated data, we can conclude that the processing of vegetable oils contaminated with CPs might contribute to elevated concentrations of MCPD.
- Klíčová slova
- Chlorinated paraffin, Chloropropanediol (MCPD) ester, Polychlorinated alkane, Precursor, SCCP, Vegetable oil, Vegetable oil refining,
- MeSH
- alfa-chlorhydrin * analýza chemie MeSH
- chlor chemie MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky chemie analýza MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * analýza MeSH
- oleje rostlin * chemie MeSH
- parafín * chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- alfa-chlorhydrin * MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- chlorované uhlovodíky MeSH
- oleje rostlin * MeSH
- parafín * MeSH
AIMS: Professional polo-water athletes are exposed to chlorine in the swimming pool. Chlorine is an irritant agent, so polo-water athletes commonly experience irritative eye symptoms. Hyaluronic acid and glycuronate enoxolone exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity. Therefore, the present practical experience explored the efficacy and safety of eye drops containing both components. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The current study included 59 professional polo-water athletes. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and dry eye-related quality of life (QoL) score (DEQS) questionnaires were used to assess the efficacy. Subjects took the eye drops for one month. The study consisted of a baseline visit (T0) and an end-treatment one (T1). RESULTS: Athletes experienced a significant improvement in symptoms and QoL as assessed by OSDI and DEQS scores (p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that professional polo-water athletes frequently experience ocular discomfort associated with swimming pool attendance. Eye drops with hyaluronic acid and glycuronate enoxolone can significantly relieve eye symptoms and improve the quality of life in these athletes.
- Klíčová slova
- Chlorine, glycuronate enoxolone, hyaluronic acid, irritation, ocular discomfort, polo water athletes, swimming pool,
- MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- kyselina glycyrhetinová * MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oční roztoky MeSH
- syndromy suchého oka * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlor MeSH
- kyselina glycyrhetinová * MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová MeSH
- oční roztoky MeSH
UV-E-chlorination/hematite nanoparticles (UV/E-Cl/HNs) as a heterogeneous photocatalytic activation of electrogenerated chlorine was assessed for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) as a new approach based on the generation of reactive chlorine and oxygen species. The prepared sample was characterized using multiple techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and BET-BJH. An excellent decontamination efficiency of 99.4% was achieved within 40 min of electrolysis under optimum conditions (pH of 5, HNs dosage 100 mg/L, current density of 20 mA/cm2, and NaCl concentration of 50 mM). The HOCl content was reduced more swiftly in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and hematite, resulting in the production of oxidative radicals (i.e., •OH, Cl•, and Cl2•-). The scavenging experiments also verified the vital role of these radicals in oxidative treatment. The UV/E-Cl/HNs process is readily supplied with hydroxyl radicals through several mechanisms. Bicarbonate ions showed a noticeable inhibitory impact, whereas nitrate and sulfate anions only slightly affected BPA degradation. The HNs were a recoverable and stable catalyst for six cycles. Furthermore, the ECOSAR program predicted that the UV/E-Cl/HNs can be labeled as an environmental-friendly process. Eventually, reasonable degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified by-products through experimental and theoretical approaches.
- Klíčová slova
- Bisphenol A, Electro-photocatalytic degradation, Reactive oxygen and chlorine species, Saline wastewater, Toxicity assessment,
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * chemie MeSH
- chlor chemie MeSH
- chloridy MeSH
- čištění vody * metody MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- kyslík MeSH
- odpadní voda MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bisphenol A MeSH Prohlížeč
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- chloridy MeSH
- kyslík MeSH
- odpadní voda MeSH
The degradation of acetaminophen (ACM) was comparatively studied by UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 systems. An apparent reduction in the removal rate was observed above the optimum pH levels of 7.0 and 3.0 in UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes, respectively. The relative contribution of each oxidizing agent in ACM removal using the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was evaluated. Even though hydroxyl radicals, with the contribution percentage of 90.1%, were determined as the primary oxidizing species in ACM removal using the UV/H2O2 process, reactive chlorine species (RCS), with 43.8% of contribution percentage, were also found to play a pivotal role in ACM removal using the UV/chlorine process. For instance, dichlorine radical (Cl2•-) showed an acceptable contribution percentage of 32.2% in the degradation of ACM by the UV/chlorine process. The rate of ACM degradation significantly rose to 99.9% and 75.6%, as higher amounts of oxidants were used in the UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes, respectively, within 25 min. The introduction of HCO3- ions and humic acid remarkably decreased the rate of ACM degradation in both techniques used in this study. The presence of NO3- and Cl- ions did not considerably affect the removal rate in the UV/chlorine process. The acute toxicity analysis revealed that a more pronounced reduction in the ACM solution toxicity could be achieved by the UV/H2O2 process compared to the UV/chlorine process, which should be ascribed to the formation of chlorinated products in the UV/chlorine treatment. Eventually, plausible oxidation pathways were proposed for each process.
- Klíčová slova
- Acetaminophen, Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), Chlorine, Degradation pathway, Hydrogen peroxide, Toxicity assessment,
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * analýza toxicita MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- čištění vody * MeSH
- hodnocení postupů (zdravotní péče) MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- paracetamol MeSH
- peroxid vodíku MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu * MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- paracetamol MeSH
- peroxid vodíku MeSH
ISCO using activated sodium persulphate is a widely used technology for treating chlorinated solvent source zones. In sensitive areas, however, high groundwater sulphate concentrations following treatment may be a drawback. In situ biogeochemical transformation, a technology that degrades contaminants via reduced iron minerals formed by microbial activity, offers a potential solution for such sites, the bioreduction of sulphate and production of iron sulphides that abiotically degrade chlorinated ethenes acting as a secondary technology following ISCO. This study assesses this approach in the field using hydrochemical and molecular tools, solid phase analysis and geochemical modelling. Following a neutralisation and bioaugmentation, favourable conditions for iron- and sulphate-reducers were created, resulting in a remarkable increase in their relative abundance. The abundance of dechlorinating bacteria (Dehalococcoides mccartyi, Dehalobacter sp. and Desulfitobacterium spp.) remained low throughout this process. The activity of iron- and sulphate-reducers was further stimulated through application of magnetite plus starch and microiron plus starch, resulting in an increase in ferrous iron concentration (from
- Klíčová slova
- Biogeochemical transformation, Chlorinated solvents, Geochemical modelling, Indigenous microorganisms, Molecular tools, Solid phase analysis,
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza metabolismus MeSH
- chlor metabolismus MeSH
- Chloroflexi metabolismus MeSH
- čištění vody metody MeSH
- Desulfitobacterium metabolismus MeSH
- ethyleny metabolismus MeSH
- halogenace MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- Peptococcaceae metabolismus MeSH
- podzemní voda analýza chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- rozpouštědla metabolismus MeSH
- sírany metabolismus MeSH
- sloučeniny sodíku MeSH
- tetrachlorethylen analýza metabolismus MeSH
- trichlorethylen analýza metabolismus MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- ethylene MeSH Prohlížeč
- ethyleny MeSH
- rozpouštědla MeSH
- sírany MeSH
- sloučeniny sodíku MeSH
- sodium persulfate MeSH Prohlížeč
- tetrachlorethylen MeSH
- trichlorethylen MeSH
- železo MeSH
Six chlorinated bispyridinium mono-oximes, analogous to potent charged reactivators K027, K048, and K203, were synthesized with the aim of improving lipophilicity and reducing the p Ka value of the oxime group, thus resulting in a higher oximate concentration at pH 7.4 compared to nonchlorinated analogues. The nucleophilicity was examined and the p Ka was found to be lower than that of analogous nonchlorinated oximes. All the new compounds efficiently reactivated human AChE inhibited by nerve agents cyclosarin, sarin, and VX. The most potent was the dichlorinated analogue of oxime K027 with significantly improved ability to reactivate the conjugated enzyme due to improved binding affinity and molecular recognition. Its overall reactivation of sarin-, VX-, and cyclosarin-inhibited AChE was, respectively, 3-, 7-, and 8-fold higher than by K027. Its universality, PAMPA permeability, favorable acid dissociation constant coupled with its negligible cytotoxic effect, and successful ex vivo scavenging of nerve agents in whole human blood warrant further analysis of this compound as an antidote for organophosphorus poisoning.
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa chemie metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- chemické jevy MeSH
- chlor chemie MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory farmakologie MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- konformace proteinů MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nervová bojová látka farmakologie MeSH
- oximy chemická syntéza chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy chemická syntéza chemie metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- simulace molekulového dockingu MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory MeSH
- nervová bojová látka MeSH
- oximy MeSH
- reaktivátory cholinesterázy MeSH
Disinfection aims at maximal inactivation of target organisms and the sustainable suppression of their regrowth. Whereas many disinfection efforts achieve efficient inactivation when the effect is measured directly after treatment, there are questions about the sustainability of this effect. One aspect is that the treated bacteria might recover and regain the ability to grow. In an environmental context, another question is how amenable surviving bacteria are to predation by omnipresent bacteriophages. Provisional data suggested that bacteria when subjected to sublethal heat stress might develop a phage-resistant phenotype. The result made us wonder about the susceptibility to phage-mediated lysis for bacteria exposed to a gradient of chlorine and UV-LED disinfection strengths. Whereas bacteria exposed to low sublethal chlorine doses still underwent phage-mediated lysis, the critical chlorine Ct of 0.5 mg min/L eliminated this susceptibility and induced phage resistance in the cells that survived treatment. In the case of UV, even the smallest tested dose of 2.8 mJ/cm2 abolished phage lysis leading to direct regrowth. Results suggest that bacteria surviving disinfection might have higher environmental survival chances directly after treatment compared to non-treated cells. A reason could possibly lie in their compromised metabolism that is essential for phage replication.
- MeSH
- bakteriolýza účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- chlor fyziologie MeSH
- dezinfekce MeSH
- Escherichia coli * účinky léků účinky záření virologie MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- kolifágy izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- mikrobiální viabilita účinky léků účinky záření MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- ultrafialové záření * MeSH
- vysoká teplota * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlor MeSH
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a persistent pollutant which has been widely used as a pesticide and a wood preservative. As PCP is toxic and is present in significant quantities in the environment, there is considerable interest in elimination of PCP from waters. One of the promising methods is the application of ferrate. Ferrate is an oxidant and coagulant. It can be applied as a multi-purpose chemical for water and wastewater treatment as it degrades a wide range of environmental pollutants. Moreover, ferrate is considered a green oxidant and disinfectant. This study focuses on the kinetics of PCP degradation by ferrate under different pH conditions. The formation of degradation products is also considered. The second-order rate constants of the PCP reaction with ferrate increased from 23 M-1 s-1 to 4,948 M-1 s-1 with a decrease in pH from 9 to 6. At neutral pH the degradation was fast, indicating that ferrate could be used for rapid removal of PCP. The total degradation of PCP was confirmed by comparing the initial PCP molarity with the molarity of chloride ions released. We conclude no harmful products are formed during ferrate treatment as all PCP chlorine was released as chloride. Specifically, no polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans were detected.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu chemie MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí chemie MeSH
- oxidancia MeSH
- pentachlorfenol chemie MeSH
- pesticidy chemie MeSH
- železo chemie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
- chlor MeSH
- ferrate ion MeSH Prohlížeč
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí MeSH
- oxidancia MeSH
- pentachlorfenol MeSH
- pesticidy MeSH
- železo MeSH
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi contribute to the survival of host trees on metal-rich soils by reducing the transfer of toxic metals into roots. However, little is known about the ability of ECM fungi to accumulate elements in ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). Here we report Ag, As, Cd, Cl, Cu, Sb, V, and Zn contents in wild-grown Norway spruce ECMs collected in a smelter-polluted area at Lhota near Příbram, Czech Republic. The ECMs data were compared with the element concentrations determined in the corresponding non-mycorrhizal fine roots, soils, and soil extracts. Bioaccumulation factors were calculated to differentiate the element accumulation ability of ECMs inhabited by different mycobionts, which were identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Among the target elements, the highest contents were observed for Ag, Cl, Cd, and Zn; Imleria badia ECMs showed the highest capability to accumulate these elements. ECMs of Amanita muscaria, but not of other species, accumulated V. The analysis of the proportions of I. badia and A. muscaria mycelia in ECMs by using species-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed variable extent of the colonization of roots, with median values close to 5% (w/w). Calculated Ag, Cd, Zn and Cl concentrations in the mycelium of I. badia ECMs were 1 680, 1 510, 2 670, and 37,100 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively, indicating substantial element accumulation capacity of hyphae of this species in ECMs. Our data strengthen the idea of an active role of ECM fungi in soil-fungal-plant interactions in polluted environments.
- Klíčová slova
- Cadmium, Ectomycorrhiza, Ectomycorrhizal fungi, Quantitative real-time PCR, Roots, Silver, Soil,
- MeSH
- chlor metabolismus MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu metabolismus MeSH
- mycelium metabolismus MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus MeSH
- polokovy metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Názvy látek
- chlor MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu MeSH
- polokovy MeSH
- těžké kovy MeSH
