Background Childhood vaccination rates fluctuate over time and do not always meet the levels recommended by the WHO. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of measures countries have introduced to increase vaccination rates. Methods We developed a structured data collection template that was completed by country experts from Europe, Israel, the USA, and Canada. Experts were identified using the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies' HSPM (Health Systems and Policy Monitor) network. We approached experts from 32 countries and received responses from 22 countries. In the template we asked for measures introduced between 2014 and 2019. The experts were asked to indicate the type of intervention, the target population, possible positive and negative effects, and evidence on effectiveness. The information was collected between September 2019 and January 2020. Results We identified four main types of interventions: restrictive measures for the unvaccinated, financial incentives, measures supporting the logistics of vaccination, and vaccination promotion campaigns. Restrictive measures often involved expanding existing mandatory vaccination policies or limiting access to pre-school activities for unvaccinated children. Financial incentives for healthcare providers showed some positive effects. Regarding logistical support, several countries used schools as alternative vaccination sites, though this presented organisational challenges. Many countries invested in improving knowledge among both healthcare professionals and parents to encourage vaccine uptake. Conclusions Most initiatives implemented in the countries covered focussed on communication and knowledge enhancement. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of these measures on vaccination coverage.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• internacionalita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• očkovací programy * MeSH
• podpora zdraví * metody   MeSH
• pokrytí očkováním * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vakcinace * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zdravotní politika MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Izrael MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

BACKGROUND: The potential cross-protective effect of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is debated. Although immunological studies suggest cross-reactivity between MMR-induced immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), epidemiological evidence remains inconclusive. This study examined the association between an additional MMR dose and both COVID-19 clinical and serological outcomes in an adult cohort with verified pre-pandemic measles immunity. METHODS: In 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 3027 healthcare workers from a Czech university hospital underwent measles serology testing. Seronegative individuals were offered a single additional MMR dose. Between 2020 and 2021, 261 individuals from the original sample subsequently contracted COVID-19 and underwent post-infection SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) serology testing, having remained unvaccinated against COVID-19 until that time. RESULTS: Among 212 women and 49 men (mean age: 42.7 years), 150 were measles-seropositive (without additional vaccination) and 111 were measles-seronegative but received an additional MMR dose. Following COVID-19, 216 participants (82.8 %) exhibited SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity. No significant relationship was observed between measles immunity or MMR vaccine administration and COVID-19 clinical characteristics. However, individuals who received an additional MMR dose were significantly more likely to develop SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity (88.3 % vs. 78.7 %; p = 0.042). Regression analysis confirmed additional MMR vaccination as an independent predictor of post-COVID-19 seropositivity (odds ratio 1.81, 95 % confidence interval 1.17-2.81, p = 0.008), irrespective of the interval between MMR vaccination and COVID-19 symptom onset. No correlation was found between pre-pandemic measles antibody titers and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (r = 0.09, p = 0.246). CONCLUSION: While no protective effect of adult MMR vaccination on COVID-19 clinical outcomes was observed, a significant immunological interaction was identified. These findings align with the concept of trained immunity and warrant further investigation.

• Klíčová slova
• Adaptive immunity, Antibody, Cross-protection, Healthcare workers' immunity, Trained immunity, Vaccine additional dose,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 * imunologie   prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• příušnice prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 imunologie   MeSH
• sekundární imunizace * MeSH
• spalničky prevence a kontrola   imunologie   MeSH
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám * imunologie   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• zarděnky prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• vakcína proti spalničkám, příušnicím a zarděnkám * MeSH

Immune monitoring of cell therapies is a complex and evolving topic, particularly in the rapid expanding field of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell applications. Defining essential, recommended, and optional immune monitoring data post-CAR-T cell infusion is crucial to improve patient outcomes and inform post-treatment decisions. To address this gap, we conducted a survey-based study across centers affiliated with the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT), focusing on patients treated with European Medicines Agency (EMA)-approved CAR-T products. Building on a thorough review of the literature, we mapped the current landscape of immune monitoring practices and assessed their impact on clinical management. By defining the state of the art in the field, this work marks an initial step towards a structured harmonization process potentially able to enhance the management and outcomes of patients undergoing these immune cell therapies.

• Klíčová slova
• B cell aplasia, CAR-T cell expansion, CAR-T cells, CRS, ICANS, Immune monitoring, Immune reconstitution, Lentiviral integration, Transduction,
• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * imunologie   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování imunologické metody   MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• T-lymfocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chimerické antigenní receptory * MeSH

This paper presents an innovative mathematical model for assessing the dynamics and optimal control of Nipah virus (NiV) with imperfect vaccination. The model formulation considers transmissions through contaminated food and human-to-human contacts. It also incorporates the potential virus transmission through contact with a deceased body infected with NiV. Initially, the NiV model is assessed theoretically, identifying three distinct equilibrium states: the NiV-endemic equilibrium state, the NiV-free equilibrium state, and the equilibrium state involving infected flying foxes. Furthermore, the stability results of the model in the case of constant controls are thoroughly analyzed at the NiV-free equilibrium. Some of the parameters of the model are estimated based on the infected cases documented in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2017. We further perform sensitivity analysis to determine the most influential parameters and formulate effective time-dependent controls. Numerical simulations indicate the optimal course of action for eradicating the disease and provide a comparative analysis of controlling the infection under constant and time-varying interventions. The simulation confirms that the implementation of time-varying interventions is effective in minimizing disease incidence.

• MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Henipavirus * přenos   prevence a kontrola   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• vakcinace * MeSH
• virus Nipah * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bangladéš epidemiologie   MeSH

In 1715, two Slovenian physicians, Johann Baptist Werloschnig de Perenberg and Antonius Loigk, published an extensive volume on the last plague epidemic in Central Europe. Hidden within its pages is a description of smallpox inoculation, which predates any record of this procedure in Europe by several years. The procedure was personally witnessed by Loigk in Vienna in or before 1714. Very little is currently known about the context of this event. We do not know how many inoculators there were, how many patients were treated and, crucially, how the procedure was received by the medical establishment in Austria. All these pieces of information would be necessary to understand the impact of this discovery on early 18th-century Austrian (and, by extension, Eastern European) society. In order to sketch out the possible connections, we will focus on a reconstruction of the intellectual network of both Slovenians as it appears in the academic literature of the time. We hope that these links may reveal something about a group of physicians who may have had early knowledge about this important anti-epidemic measure.

• Klíčová slova
• smallpox, inoculation, variolation, Slovenia, early modern period,
• MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• lékaři * dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pravé neštovice * dějiny   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• vakcinace * dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Rakousko MeSH
• Slovinsko MeSH

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can manifest as disease of variable severity, ranging from subclinical infection to severe disease with neurological involvement and potentially fatal outcome. Although TBE is recognized as a major public health problem in Europe, the true burden of disease is potentially underestimated. Here, we investigated TBEV-specific antibody prevalence, infection incidence, and seroreversion and antibody decline rates in a prospective Swiss healthcare worker (HCW) cohort. We screened serum samples from 1444 HCWs between June and October 2020, and from a subset again between August and September 2021, using a TBEV envelope (E) protein IgG ELISA. Positive samples underwent further analysis with a TBEV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) IgG ELISA, and seroconversions in unvaccinated individuals were confirmed by seroneutralization testing. Questionnaire data were used to determine vaccination status and risk factors. TBEV E protein-specific IgG prevalence was 72.1% (95% CI 68.2-75.7%) in TBEV-vaccinated and 6% (95% CI 4.4-7.8%) in unvaccinated individuals. The estimated annual incidence of infection was 735/100,000. Age was the only factor significantly associated with seroprevalence. The seroreversion rate in unvaccinated individuals was 30.3% within one year, which is almost ten times higher than in vaccinated individuals (3.4%, annual decline rate 8.0%). NS1-specific IgG antibodies were six times more common in vaccinated than unvaccinated HCWs. In conclusion, undetected TBEV infections are common, and infection incidence is much higher than reported clinical cases. Individuals with abortive infections have high antibody decline and seroreversion rates. Whether lifelong protection is conferred and by which immune subsets remain unclear.

• Klíčová slova
• Abortive, Asymptomatic, Incidence, Orthoflavivirus, Prevalence, TBE, TBEV, Tick-borne encephalitis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunoglobulin G krev   imunologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• klíšťová encefalitida * epidemiologie   imunologie   virologie   krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• viry klíšťové encefalitidy * imunologie   MeSH
• zdravotnický personál MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Švýcarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulin G MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

Vaccines represent an essential tool for the prevention of infectious diseases. Upon administration, a complex interaction occurs between the vaccine formulation and the recipient's immune system, ultimately resulting in protection against disease. Significant variability exists in individual and population responses to vaccination, and these differences remain the focus of the ongoing research. Notably, well-documented factors, such as age, gender, and genetic predisposition, influence immune responses. In contrast, the effects of overweight and obesity have not been as thoroughly investigated. The evidence indicates that a high body mass index (BMI) constitutes a significant risk factor for infections in general, with adipose tissue playing a crucial role in modulating the immune response. Furthermore, suboptimal levels of vaccine seroconversion have been observed among individuals with obesity. This review provides a plausible examination of the immunity and protection conferred by various vaccines in individuals with an overweight status, offering a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms to enhance vaccination efficiency.

• Klíčová slova
• adipokines, gender, immune response, inactivated vaccine, mRNA vaccines, obesity, recombinant vaccines, thyroid hormones, vaccine response,
• MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita * imunologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• tuková tkáň * imunologie   MeSH
• vakcinace MeSH
• vakcíny * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vakcíny * MeSH

In biology and life sciences, fractal theory and fractional calculus have significant applications in simulating and understanding complex problems. In this paper, a compartmental model employing Caputo-type fractional and fractal-fractional operators is presented to analyze Nipah virus (NiV) dynamics and transmission. Initially, the model includes nine nonlinear ordinary differential equations that consider viral concentration, flying fox, and human populations simultaneously. The model is reconstructed using fractional calculus and fractal theory to better understand NiV transmission dynamics. We analyze the model's existence and uniqueness in both contexts and instigate the equilibrium points. The clinical epidemiology of Bangladesh is used to estimate model parameters. The fractional model's stability is examined using Ulam-Hyers and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stabilities. Moreover, interpolation methods are used to construct computational techniques to simulate the NiV model in fractional and fractal-fractional cases. Simulations are performed to validate the stable behavior of the model for different fractal and fractional orders. The present findings will be beneficial in employing advanced computational approaches in modeling and control of NiV outbreaks.

• MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Henipavirus * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   přenos   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• vakcinace * MeSH
• virus Nipah * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bangladéš epidemiologie   MeSH

IMPORTANCE: Advancements in molecular engineering have facilitated the creation of engineered T cells that express synthetic receptors, termed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). This is promising not only in cancer treatment but also in addressing a spectrum of other conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current approaches and future potential of CAR T-cell therapy in the field of neurology, particularly for primary brain tumors and autoimmune neurological disorders. OBSERVATIONS: CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma is promising; however, first-in-human trials did not yield significant success or showed only limited success in a subset of patients. To date, the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapies has been demonstrated in animal models of multiple sclerosis, but larger human studies to corroborate the efficacy remain pending. CAR T cells showed efficacy in treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory aquaporin 4-immunoglobulin G-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Further studies with larger patient populations are needed to confirm these results. Success was reported also for treatment of cases with generalized myasthenia gravis using CAR T cells. Chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells, representing a modified form of CAR T cells directed against autoreactive B cells secreting autoantibodies, were used to selectively target autoreactive anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate B cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions, providing the basis for human studies and application to other types of autoimmune encephalitis associated with neuronal or glial antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: CAR T cells herald a new era in the therapeutic landscape of neurological disorders. While their application in solid tumors, such as glioblastoma, has not universally yielded robust success, emerging innovative strategies show promise, and there is optimism for their effectiveness in certain autoimmune neurological disorders.

• MeSH
• chimerické antigenní receptory * imunologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunoterapie adoptivní * metody   trendy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory mozku * terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci nervového systému * terapie   imunologie   MeSH
• neurologie * trendy   metody   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chimerické antigenní receptory * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against 5 prominent meningococcal serogroups (A/B/C/W/Y) is necessary for broad disease protection. We report immunopersistence through 4 years after a 2-dose (6-month interval) pentavalent MenABCWY primary vaccine series and safety and immunogenicity of a booster administered 4 years after primary vaccination. METHODS: This randomized, active-controlled, observer-blinded study was conducted in the United States and Europe. In stage 1, healthy MenACWY vaccine-naive or -experienced 10- to 25-year-olds were randomized 1:2 to receive MenABCWY and placebo or MenB-fHbp and MenACWY-CRM. Eligible participants were randomly selected to participate in stage 2, which was an open-label immunopersistence and booster extension. Immunogenicity was assessed through serum bactericidal antibody using human complement (hSBA) assays with serogroups A/C/W/Y (MenA/C/W/Y) and 4 primary serogroup B (MenB) test strains. Immunogenicity endpoints included hSBA seroprotection rates through 48 months after primary vaccination and 1 month after the booster. Safety endpoints included booster reactogenicity events and adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: Of 1379 eligible participants, 353 entered stage 2; 242 completed the 48-month blood draw after primary vaccination and 240 completed the booster vaccination phase. MenA/C/W/Y seroprotection rates remained high for 4 years following a 2-dose MenABCWY primary series (MenACWY-naive, 62.0 %-100.0 %; MenACWY-experienced, 98.7 %-100.0 %) and trended higher than those after a single MenACWY-CRM dose (MenACWY-naive, 38.1 %-95.2 %; MenACWY-experienced, 89.7 %-100.0 %). Corresponding seroprotection rates against MenB remained stable and generally higher than baseline (MenABCWY, 18.2 %-36.6 %; MenB-fHbp, 16.2 %-31.9 % across strains). Following a booster, seroprotection rates against all 5 serogroups were ≥ 93.8 % across groups. Most booster dose reactogenicity events were mild or moderate in severity, and AEs were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Immune responses remained high for MenA/C/W/Y and above baseline for MenB through 4 years after the MenABCWY primary series, with robust responses for all 5 serogroups observed following a booster. The MenABCWY booster had an acceptable safety and tolerability profile consistent with the primary series. NCT03135834.

• Klíčová slova
• Immunogenicity, Invasive meningococcal disease, MenABCWY vaccine, Safety, Tolerability,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• imunogenicita vakcíny MeSH
• komplement imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningokokové infekce * prevence a kontrola   imunologie   MeSH
• meningokokové vakcíny * imunologie   škodlivé účinky   aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• Neisseria meningitidis imunologie   MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální * krev   MeSH
• sekundární imunizace * metody   MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• vakcíny konjugované imunologie   aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH
• Názvy látek
• komplement MeSH
• MenACWY MeSH Prohlížeč
• meningokokové vakcíny * MeSH
• protilátky bakteriální * MeSH
• vakcíny konjugované MeSH