The aim of this study was to analyze the functional properties of newly obtained films based on sodium alginate and lecithin with the addition of antioxidant-rich coffee extracts and to verify their potential as safe edible food packaging materials. In our study, we developed alginate-lecithin films enriched with green or roasted coffee bean extracts. The roasting process of coffee beans had a significant impact on the total phenolic content (TPC) in the studied extracts. The highest value of TPC (2697.2 mg GAE/dm3), as well as antioxidant activity (AA) (17.6 mM T/dm3), was observed for the extract of light-roasted coffee beans. Films with the addition of medium-roasted coffee extracts and baseline films had the highest tensile strength (21.21 ± 0.73 N). The addition of coffee extract improved the barrier properties of the films against UV light with a decrease in the transmittance values (200-400 nm), regardless of the type of extract added. Studies on Caco-2, HepG2 and BJ cells showed that digestated films were non-cytotoxic materials (100-0.1 μg/cm3) and had no negative effect on cell viability; an increase was noted for all cell lines, the highest after 48 h in a dose of 1 μg/cm3 for a film with medium-roasted coffee (194.43 ± 38.30) for Caco-2. The tested films at 20% digestate concentrations demonstrated the ability to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production in the RAW264.7 cell line by 25 to 60% compared to the control. Each of the tested films with coffee extracts had growth inhibitory properties towards selected species of bacteria.

• Keywords
• antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, biopolymer-based packaging, coffee extracts, cytotoxicity, edible packaging, lecithin, nitric oxide, sodium alginate,
• MeSH
• Alginates * chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents * pharmacology   chemistry   MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology   chemistry   MeSH
• Antioxidants * pharmacology   chemistry   MeSH
• Hep G2 Cells MeSH
• Caco-2 Cells MeSH
• Coffea chemistry   MeSH
• Edible Films MeSH
• Coffee chemistry   MeSH
• Lecithins * chemistry   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Food Packaging methods   MeSH
• Plant Extracts * chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Seeds chemistry   MeSH
• Cell Survival drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Alginates * MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents * MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents MeSH
• Antioxidants * MeSH
• Coffee MeSH
• Lecithins * MeSH
• Plant Extracts * MeSH

Aquaponics is a method of producing food in a sustainable manner through the integration of aquaculture and hydroponics, which allows simultaneous cultivation of fish and economic crops. The use of natural fungicides are crucial to the sustainable control of diseases in aquaponics. We assessed the potential impacts of natural fungicides, such as clove oil and lecithin, as well as a synthetic fungicide, tebuconazole, following foliar application in aquaponics. This study examined the runoff rates of the fungicides in decoupled aquaponics, and the subsequent effects of the runoffs on nitrification processes and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The runoffs of the foliar-applied fungicides, clove oil, lecithin, and tebuconazole, were detected in aquaponics water at a percentage runoff rate of 0.3 %, 2.3 %, and 0.3-0.8 % respectively. In the biofilter, lecithin altered the ammonium levels by increasing ammonium-nitrogen levels by 7 mg L-1, 6 h post application. Clove oil, on the other hand, showed no significant effect on ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate-nitrogen. Similarly, the toxicity test showed that eugenol had no significant effects on the hematological, biochemical and antioxidative activities of O. niloticus. Conversely, tebuconazole exhibited significant and persistent effects on various biochemical parameters, including lactate, albumin, and total protein, as well as hematological parameters like hemoglobin and MCH. The use of lecithin and tebuconazole should only be limited to decoupled aquaponics.

• Keywords
• Aquaponics, Clove oil, Fungicides, Lecithin, Nitrification, Tilapia, Toxicity,
• MeSH
• Ammonium Compounds * MeSH
• Cichlids * metabolism   MeSH
• Nitrogen analysis   MeSH
• Clove Oil MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Nitrification MeSH
• Fungicides, Industrial * toxicity   MeSH
• Aquaculture methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Ammonium Compounds * MeSH
• Nitrogen MeSH
• Clove Oil MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Fungicides, Industrial * MeSH

The ability of arginine-rich peptides to cross the lipid bilayer and enter cytoplasm, unlike their lysine-based analogues, is intensively studied in the context of cell-penetrating peptides. Although the experiments have not yet reconstructed their internalization mechanism, the computational studies have shown that the type or charge of lipid polar groups is one of the crucial factors in their translocation. In order to gain more detailed insight into the interaction of guanidinium (Gdm+) and ammonium (NH4+) cations, as important building blocks in arginine and lysine amino acids, with lipid bilayers, we conducted the experimental and computational study that tackles this phenomenon. The adsorption of Gdm+ and NH4+ on lipid bilayers prepared from a zwitterionic (DPPC) and an anionic (DPPS) lipid was examined by thermoanalytic and spectroscopic techniques. Using temperature-dependent UV-Vis spectroscopy and DSC calorimetry we determined the impact of Gdm+ and NH4+ on the thermotropic properties of lipid bilayers. FTIR data, along with molecular dynamics simulations, unraveled the molecular-level details on the nature of their interactions, showing the proton transfer between NH4+ and DPPS, but not between Gdm+ and DPPS. The findings originated from this work imply that Gdm+ and NH4+ form qualitatively different interactions with lipids of different charge which is reflected in the physico-chemical interactions that arginine-and lysine-based peptides establish at a complex and chemically heterogeneous environment such as the biological membrane.

• Keywords
• 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DPPS), Guanidinium (Gdm(+)) and ammonium (NH(4)(+)) cations, Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, Spectroscopic (UV–Vis, FTIR) and calorimetric (DSC) study,
• MeSH
• Arginine MeSH
• Phosphatidylserines chemistry   MeSH
• Guanidine MeSH
• Calorimetry MeSH
• Cations MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipid Bilayers * chemistry   MeSH
• Lysine MeSH
• Cell-Penetrating Peptides * MeSH
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation MeSH
• Spectrum Analysis MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Arginine MeSH
• Phosphatidylserines MeSH
• Guanidine MeSH
• Cations MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipid Bilayers * MeSH
• Lysine MeSH
• Cell-Penetrating Peptides * MeSH

Lactulose is commonly used in pharmacy for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy treatment. The prebiotic effect of lactulose is also often mentioned. However, its cryoprotective effect in combination with lecithin on the main representatives of probiotics has not been tested yet. The 12 taxa of bifidobacteria and Lactobacillaceae members were used for the purpose. These were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 with lactulose + lecithin (finally 5.0% and 1.25%, respectively; LL). The 25% glycerol (G+) solution and cultures themselves were applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. Bacterial suspensions were stored at a mild freezing temperature (-20°C) until the end of the experiment (210th day). The LL solution had a comparable (insignificant difference at the P-value = 0.05) cryoprotective effect as the positive control in five of six bifidobacteria and in three of six representatives of Lactobacillaceae. The better cryoprotective effect was revealed in other Lactobacillaceae. At the end of the experiment, the generally accepted therapeutic minimum (>107 Colony Forming Units/mL) was determined in LL solution in five bifidobacteria and four Lactobacillaceae strains. The presented results improve knowledge about long-term mild cryopreservation of the most commonly used probiotics and could contribute to developing new forms of (nutri)synbiotics.

• Keywords
• Lactobacillaceae, bifidobacteria, cryoprotective agents, lactulose, lecithin, long-term preservation, synbiotics,
• MeSH
• Bifidobacterium MeSH
• Glycine max MeSH
• Cryoprotective Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Lactobacillaceae MeSH
• Lactulose * therapeutic use   MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Probiotics * therapeutic use   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cryoprotective Agents MeSH
• Lactulose * MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH

Adsorption of arginine-rich positively charged peptides onto neutral zwitterionic phosphocholine (PC) bilayers is a key step in the translocation of those potent cell-penetrating peptides into the cell interior. In the past, we have shown both theoretically and experimentally that polyarginines adsorb to the neutral PC-supported lipid bilayers in contrast to polylysines. However, comparing our results with previous studies showed that the results often do not match even at the qualitative level. The adsorption of arginine-rich peptides onto 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) may qualitatively depend on the actual experimental conditions where binding experiments have been performed. In this work, we systematically studied the adsorption of R9 and K9 peptides onto the POPC bilayer, aided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) experiments. Using MD simulations, we tested a series of increasing peptide concentrations, in parallel with increasing Na+ and Ca2+ salt concentrations, showing that the apparent strength of adsorption of R9 decreases upon the increase of peptide or salt concentration in the system. The key result from the simulations is that the salt concentrations used experimentally can alter the picture of peptide adsorption qualitatively. Using FCCS experiments with fluorescently labeled R9 and K9, we first demonstrated that the binding of R9 to POPC is tighter by almost 2 orders of magnitude compared to that of K9. Finally, upon the addition of an excess of either Na+ or Ca2+ ions with R9, the total fluorescence correlation signal is lost, which implies the unbinding of R9 from the PC bilayer, in agreement with our predictions from MD simulations.

• MeSH
• Adsorption MeSH
• Arginine MeSH
• Phosphatidylcholines chemistry   MeSH
• Phosphorylcholine MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipid Bilayers * chemistry   MeSH
• Osmolar Concentration MeSH
• Cell-Penetrating Peptides * chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Arginine MeSH
• Phosphatidylcholines MeSH
• Phosphorylcholine MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipid Bilayers * MeSH
• Cell-Penetrating Peptides * MeSH

BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. In addition, high-density lipoprotein particles may be cardioprotective and reduce infarct size in the setting of myocardial injury. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase is a rate-limiting enzyme in reverse cholesterol transport. MEDI6012 is a recombinant human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase that increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Administration of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase has the potential to reduce infarct size and regress coronary plaque in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. METHODS: REAL-TIMI 63B (A Randomized, Placebo‑controlled Phase 2b Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of MEDI6012 in Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) was a phase 2B multinational, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction within 6 hours of symptom onset and planned for percutaneous intervention were randomly assigned 2:1 to MEDI6012 (2- or 6-dose regimen) or placebo and followed for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was infarct size as a percentage of left ventricular mass by cardiac MRI at 10 to 12 weeks, with the primary analysis in patients with TIMI Flow Grade 0 to 1 before percutaneous intervention who received at least 2 doses of MEDI6012. The secondary outcome was change in noncalcified plaque volume on coronary computed tomographic angiography from baseline to 10 to 12 weeks with the primary analysis in patients who received all 6 doses of MEDI6012. RESULTS: A total of 593 patients were randomly assigned. Patients were a median of 62 years old, 77.9% male, and 95.8% statin naive. Median time from symptom onset to randomization was 146 (interquartile range [IQR], 103-221) minutes and from hospitalization to randomization was 12.7 (IQR, 6.6-24.0) minutes, and the first dose of drug was administered a median of 8 (IQR, 3-13) minutes before percutaneous intervention. The index myocardial infarction was anterior in 69.6% and TIMI Flow Grade 0 to 1 in 65.1% of patients. At 12 weeks, infarct size did not differ between treatment groups (MEDI6012: 9.71%, IQR 4.79-16.38; placebo: 10.48%, [IQR, 4.92-16.61], 1-sided P=0.79. There was also no difference in noncalcified plaque volume (geometric mean ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, NA-1.10], 1-sided P=0.30). There was no significant difference in treatment emergent serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of MEDI6012 in patients with acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction did not result in a significant reduction in infarct size or noncalcified plaque volume at 12 weeks. MEDI6012 was well tolerated with no excess in overall serious adverse events. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03578809.

• Keywords
• HDL, ST elevation myocardial infarction, acyltransferases, cholesterol ester transfer proteins, lipoproteins,
• MeSH
• Cholesterol MeSH
• Sterol O-Acyltransferase therapeutic use   MeSH
• Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction * MeSH
• ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction * diagnostic imaging   drug therapy   MeSH
• Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase * therapeutic use   MeSH
• Lecithins therapeutic use   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipoproteins, HDL therapeutic use   MeSH
• Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors * therapeutic use   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Clinical Trial, Phase II MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Cholesterol MeSH
• Sterol O-Acyltransferase MeSH
• Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase * MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipoproteins, HDL MeSH
• Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors * MeSH

BACKGROUND: The etiopathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is still unclarified, but vascular inflammation and matrix metalloproteases activation have a recognized role in AAA development and progression. Circulating lipoproteins are involved in tissue inflammation and repair, particularly through the regulation of intracellular cholesterol, whose excess is associated to cell damage and proinflammatory activation. We analyzed lipoprotein metabolism and function in AAA and in control vasculopathic patients, to highlight possible non-atherosclerosis-related, specific abnormalities. METHODS: We measured fluorometrically serum esterified/total cholesterol ratio, as an index of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity in patients referred to vascular surgery either for AAA (n=30) or stenotic aortic/peripheral atherosclerosis (n=21) having similar burden of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. We measured high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), through the ATP-binding cassette G1 (ABCG1) and A1 (ABCA1) pathways and serum cell cholesterol loading capacity (CLC), by radioisotopic and fluorimetric methods, respectively. RESULTS: We found higher LCAT (+23%; p < 0.0001) and CETP (+49%; p < 0.0001) activity in AAA sera. HDL ABCG1-CEC was lower (-16%; p < 0.001) and ABCA1-CEC was higher (+31.7%; p < 0.0001) in AAA. Stratification suggests that smoking may partly contribute to these modifications. CEC and CETP activity correlated with CLC only in AAA. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that compared to patients with stenotic atherosclerosis, patients with AAA had altered HDL metabolism and functions involved in their anti-inflammatory and tissue repair activity, particularly through the ABCG1-related intracellular signaling. Clarifying the relevance of this mechanism for AAA evolution might help in developing new diagnostic parameters and therapeutic targets for the early management of this condition.

• Keywords
• ABCA1, ABCG1, arterial aneurysm, cholesterol efflux, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, inflammation, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, vascular biology,
• MeSH
• Adenosine Triphosphate MeSH
• Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal * MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents MeSH
• Atherosclerosis * MeSH
• Cholesterol metabolism   MeSH
• Sterol O-Acyltransferase metabolism   MeSH
• Cholesterol, HDL MeSH
• Homeostasis MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipoproteins metabolism   MeSH
• Metalloproteases metabolism   MeSH
• Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins MeSH
• Inflammation metabolism   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Adenosine Triphosphate MeSH
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents MeSH
• Cholesterol MeSH
• Sterol O-Acyltransferase MeSH
• Cholesterol, HDL MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Lipoproteins MeSH
• Metalloproteases MeSH
• Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins MeSH

The influence of dough composition on acrylamide, 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters, and glycidyl esters (GE) formation during bread toasting was investigated. The doughs differed in added amounts of soy lecithin, salt, and reducing agents (l-cysteine and glutathione). The toasting of bread for 2.5 min considerably enhanced the formation of acrylamide and 3-MCPD esters. The addition of lecithin (1%, w/w) resulted in four times higher content of 3-MCPD esters in toasted bread slices. No distinct relationship between dough composition and GE formation in untoasted and toasted bread was found. The addition of reducing agents (0.05%, w/w) mitigated during toasting not only the formation of 3-MCPD esters (more than six times) but also the extent of Maillard reaction that resulted in three times lower amounts of acrylamide and predominant formation of alcohol-like compounds. Toasted bread without reducing agents contained typical Maillard reaction compounds such as aldehydes, alkyl pyrazines, and derivatives of furan.

• Keywords
• 3-MCPD esters, Acrylamide, Glutathione, Glycidyl esters, L-cysteine, Soy lecithin, Toasted bread, Volatile compounds,
• MeSH
• Acrylamide analysis   MeSH
• alpha-Chlorohydrin analysis   MeSH
• Bread analysis   MeSH
• Esters analysis   MeSH
• Glutathione chemistry   MeSH
• Lecithins chemistry   MeSH
• Maillard Reaction MeSH
• Solid Phase Microextraction MeSH
• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Triticum chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism   MeSH
• Volatile Organic Compounds analysis   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Cooking methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Acrylamide MeSH
• alpha-Chlorohydrin MeSH
• Esters MeSH
• Glutathione MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Volatile Organic Compounds MeSH

Lipid oxidation is one of the most important processes occurring in living cells and has been investigated through stable end-products. Currently, new insights into many physiological and pathophysiological processes provide a measurement of the first products of oxidation, e.g., oxidized glycerophosphatidylcholines (oxGPCs). Here, we evaluate the capacity of untargeted global metabolomics to measure oxGPCs in serum samples. This evaluation covered analytical reproducibility and data quality as well as the ability to capture metabolic alterations in diverse conditions. The analytical evaluation was performed based on the quality control samples, while the comparative analysis was based on the model of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The novelty of this approach arises not only from the measurement of oxGPCs instead of lipid peroxide-derived aldehydes but also from the stratification of the patients according to body mass index (BMI). Such a scenario was dictated by the fact that, despite the well-known relationship between obesity and T2DM development, there are lean individuals suffering from T2DM as well as obese people with normal glucose homeostasis. Our results provided evidence to support the ability of nontargeted metabolomics to measure oxGPCs. Comparative analysis of measured oxGPCs revealed differences in the level of oxGPCs either between different stages of disease development (insulin resistance, prediabetes) or BMI groups (normal weight, overweight, obese). The obtained results provided new insights into the metabolic processes leading to the development of T2DM and opened new paths in the investigation of the impact of body mass in T2DM progress.

• Keywords
• Long chain oxidized glycerophosphatidylcholines, Metabolomics, Oxidation, T2DM, oxGPCs,
• MeSH
• Chromatography, Liquid MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Glycerylphosphorylcholine blood   chemistry   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metabolome physiology   MeSH
• Metabolomics methods   MeSH
• Oxidation-Reduction MeSH
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Glycerylphosphorylcholine MeSH

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Camellia sinensis extract as antioxidant supplement and pre-freezing equilibration times in a soybean lecithin extender for freezing ram semen. In this study, a total of 20 ejaculates were collected from four Ghezel rams and diluted with extenders (1.5% soybean lecithin, 7% glycerol) containing no supplements (control) and Camellia sinensis extract (5, 10, and 15 mg/L) and cryopreserved, immediately after thermal equilibrium was reached at 5 °C (0 h), or 4 h after equilibration. Sperm motility characteristics, membrane integrity, abnormal morphology, mitochondria activity, apoptotic status, MDA and antioxidant activities (GPx, SOD and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were evaluated following freeze-thawing. Camellia sinensis extract at level 10 mg/L led to the highest total and progressive motilities percentages, in comparison to other treatments (P < 0.05). Our results showed that Camellia sinensis extract at level of 5 and 10 mg/L led to higher plasma membrane integrity, mitochondria activity and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in comparison to the level of 15 mg/L and control group (P < 0.05). Camellia sinensis extract at 10 mg/L level produced the highest percentage of live spermatozoa and the lowest apoptotic spermatozoa in comparison to all treatments (P < 0.05). In addition, level of MDA formation significantly decreased at this concentration, 10 mg/L, compared to all treatments (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between equilibration times (0 h vs. 4 h) for sperm samples incubated with or without different concentrations of Camellia sinensis extract. In conclusion, addition of Camellia sinensis extract at level of 10 mg/L can improve post-thawing quality of ram semen cryopreserved in a soybean lecithin extender. However, further research is needed to standardize the process of Camellia sinensis extraction and specially for identifying which compounds are responsible of its beneficial effect on ram sperm cryopreservation.

• Keywords
• Camellia sinensis extract, Cryopreservation, Equilibration time, Soybean lecithin,
• MeSH
• Antioxidants pharmacology   MeSH
• Tea chemistry   MeSH
• Camellia sinensis MeSH
• Glycerol pharmacology   MeSH
• Glycine max chemistry   MeSH
• Cryopreservation methods   MeSH
• Cryoprotective Agents pharmacology   MeSH
• Lecithins pharmacology   MeSH
• Sperm Motility drug effects   MeSH
• Sheep MeSH
• Plant Extracts pharmacology   MeSH
• Semen drug effects   MeSH
• Spermatozoa drug effects   MeSH
• Semen Preservation methods   MeSH
• Freezing MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antioxidants MeSH
• Tea MeSH
• Glycerol MeSH
• Cryoprotective Agents MeSH
• Lecithins MeSH
• Plant Extracts MeSH