Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of nosocomial infections and displays increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQ). This study surveyed the mechanisms of FQ resistance and molecular typing of K. pneumoniae isolates from intensive care units patients in Tehran, Iran. A total of 48 ciprofloxacin (CIP) resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from urine samples were included in this study. Broth microdilution assays revealed high-level CIP resistance (MIC > 32 μg/mL) in 31.25% of the isolates. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected in 41 (85.4%) isolates. Among which, qnrS (41.67%) was the most prevalent followed by qnrD (35.42%), qnrB (27.1%), qnrA (25%), qepA (22.9%), aac(6')-Ib-cr (20.83%), and qnrC (6.25%). Target site mutations (gyrA and parC) were assessed using PCR and sequencing on all isolates. A single mutation in gyrA (S83I) was found in 13 (27.1%) isolates and two isolates harbored six simultaneous mutations. Fourteen isolates (29.2%) had mutations in parC and S129A and A141V mutations were the most prevalent. Real time PCR showed an increase in the expression level of acrB and oqxB efflux genes in 68.75 and 29.16% isolates, respectively. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR revealed 14 genotypes and 11 of them were classified by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) into 11 different sequence types belonging to seven clonal complexes and two singletons, most of them have not been reported in Iran yet. We are concerned about the spread of these clones throughout our country. Most FQ resistance mechanisms were detected among our isolates. However, target site mutation had the greatest effect on CIP resistance among our isolates.

• Klíčová slova
• GyrA, Klebsiella pneumoniae, MLST, ParC, Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin * farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• fluorochinolony * farmakologie   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• plazmidy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Írán epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• ciprofloxacin * MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• fluorochinolony * MeSH

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen in humans with an increasing incidence in the community. The "one-health" approach of research is needed to investigate possible reservoirs of C. difficile and route of its transmission. The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of C. difficile in pigs in the Czech Republic with characterisation of the isolates to determine their genetic relatedness to C. difficile isolates from European and Asian pigs. A total of 198 pig faeces samples from 23 farms were investigated and of those 57 samples (55 piglets, 2 sows) from 11 farms were confirmed as C. difficile positive. The majority of C. difficile isolates belonged to the sequence type 11 and clade 5. The predominant ribotypes were 078 (n = 23), 078-variant (n = 5), 033 (n = 10) followed by RTs 150 (n = 7), 011 (n = 5), 045 (n = 4), 126, 014, 002 (n = 1, each). All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and tetracycline. Isolates of RTs 150 and 078-variant were moxifloxacin resistant (MIC≥32 mg/L) and carried the amino acid substitution Thr82Ile in the GyrA. A multi-locus variable number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) revealed a clonal relatedness of isolates within individual farms and in C. difficile RT078 isolates between two Czech farms. Czech C. difficile RT078 isolates clustered with German C. difficile RT078 isolates and Czech C. difficile 078-variant isolates clustered with C. difficile RT078 isolates from Japan and Taiwan. This study found an emergence of C. difficile RT078 in Czech piglets that was related genetically to C. difficile RT078 isolates from Germany, Japan and Taiwan.

• Klíčová slova
• Clostridium difficile, MLVA, Moxifloxacin resistance, PCR ribotype 078, Piglets, Transmission,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• klostridiové infekce mikrobiologie   přenos   veterinární   MeSH
• metronidazol farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• moxifloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• substituce aminokyselin genetika   MeSH
• tetracyklin farmakologie   MeSH
• vankomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Japonsko MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Taiwan MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• metronidazol MeSH
• moxifloxacin MeSH
• tetracyklin MeSH
• vankomycin MeSH

Acinetobacter seifertii is a recently described species that belongs to the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. It has been recovered from clinical samples and is sometimes associated with antimicrobial resistance determinants. We present here the case of three A. seifertii clinical isolates which were initially identified as Acinetobacter sp. by phenotypic methods but no identification at the species level was achieved using semi-automated identification methods. The isolates were further analysed by whole genome sequencing and identified as A. seifertii. Due to the fact that A. seifertii has been isolated from serious infections such as respiratory tract and bloodstream infections, we emphasize the importance of correctly identifying isolates of the genus Acinetobacter at the species level to gain a deeper knowledge of their prevalence and clinical impact.

• Klíčová slova
• Acinetobacter seifertii, average nucleotide identity, digital DNA–DNA hybridization, molecular identification, whole genome sequencing,
• MeSH
• Acinetobacter baumannii genetika   MeSH
• Acinetobacter klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• infekce bakteriemi rodu Acinetobacter krev   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• katétrové infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bolívie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

PURPOSE: To characterise and compare twenty-eight Finnish Clostridium difficile RT027-like isolates, selected based on the presence of 18 bp deletion in the tcdC gene and toxin gene profile (A, B, binary), with eleven RT027 isolates from different Finnish geographical areas and time periods. METHODS: Twenty-eight C. difficile RT027-like isolates and 11 RT027 comparative strains were characterised by capillary-electrophoresis (CE) ribotyping, multi-locus variable tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and sequencing of tcdC and gyrA gene fragments. Susceptibility to moxifloxacin was determined by E-test. RESULTS: Of 28 RT027-like isolates, seven RTs (016, 034, 075, 080, 153, 176 and 328), three WEBRIBO types (411, 475, AI-78) and three new profiles (F1-F3) were identified. MLVA revealed six clonal complexes (RTs 016, 027, 176 and F3). MLST showed eleven sequence types (1, 41, 47, 67, 95, 191,192, 223, 229, 264 and new ST). Twenty-two isolates (RTs 016, 080, 176, 328, F1, F2, F3 and WRTAI-78) carried Δ117 in the tcdC gene. Isolates of RTs 016, 027 and 176 were moxifloxacin resistant and harboured Thr82Ile in the GyrA. CONCLUSION: Our results show a high diversity within 28 Finnish RT027-like C. difficile isolates, with twelve CE-ribotyping profiles and eleven STs. MLVA revealed the regional spread of RTs 016, 027, 176 and F3. The presence of Δ117 in the tcdC gene in eight non-027 RTs highlights the importance of careful interpretation of the results from molecular systems targeting this site in the genome of C. difficile and the need of strain typing for epidemiological purposes.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary-electrophoresis ribotyping, Clostridium difficile, MLST, MLVA, Moxifloxacin resistance,
• MeSH
• ADP-ribosatransferasy genetika   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny analýza   genetika   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií analýza   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• enterotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• fluorochinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• klostridiové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice genetika   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• molekulární epidemiologie MeSH
• moxifloxacin MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace metody   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• represorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• ribotypizace metody   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Finsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, Clostridium MeSH Prohlížeč
• ADP-ribosatransferasy MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• enterotoxiny MeSH
• fluorochinolony MeSH
• moxifloxacin MeSH
• represorové proteiny MeSH
• tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile MeSH Prohlížeč
• TcdC protein, Clostridium difficile MeSH Prohlížeč
• toxB protein, Clostridium difficile MeSH Prohlížeč

Mycoplasma mastitis is often difficult to control due to a lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. The aim of the current study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) in mastitic milk. The assay was developed using primers designed for three different target genes: uvrC, 16S rRNA, and gyrB, and validated using mastitic milk samples previously found positive for the target pathogen. Specificity of the developed assay was determined by testing cross-reactivity of LAMP primers against closely related bovine mastitis bacterial pathogens. The sensitivity was found to be higher compared to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The LAMP assay was also capable of detecting M. bovis in PCR-negative milk samples of cows with clinical mastitis. The uvrC primers were found to be more sensitive, while gyrB primers were more specific; however, 16S rRNA primers were less specific and sensitive compared to either uvrC or gyrB primers. Cohen's kappa values for uvrC, gyrB, and 16S rRNA primers used in the LAMP assays were 0.940, 0.970, and 0.807, respectively. There was a high level of agreement between the test results and the true-disease status as indicated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Our findings suggest that the newly developed LAMP assays targeting the uvrC and gyrB genes could be a useful tool for rapid and accurate diagnosis of mastitis caused by M. bovis.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• DNA primery genetika   MeSH
• endodeoxyribonukleasy genetika   MeSH
• mastitida skotu diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mléko mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Mycoplasma bovis genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• techniky amplifikace nukleových kyselin normy   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• DNA primery MeSH
• endodeoxyribonukleasy MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

AIM: To perform a retrospective analysis of the high occurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in the surgical department of a Czech tertiary care hospital and to identify weaknesses in C. difficile infection (CDI) prevention and control policies. METHODS: Clinical and epidemiological data on eleven CDI cases were collected. C. difficile isolates were characterized by capillary electrophoresis ribotyping, multilocus variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), gyrA gene fragment sequencing, and erm(B) fragment PCR amplification. Antibiotic susceptibility to metronidazole, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin was tested. FINDINGS: Eleven CDI cases were caused by C. difficile PCR ribotype 001 strains. These strains revealed two different MLVA profiles with 11 tandem repeat differences. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin and resistant to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥32 mg/L), moxifloxacin (MIC ≥32 mg/L), and clindamycin (MIC ≥256 mg/L). All isolates revealed amino acid substitution Thr82Ile, in the GyrA and were erm(B) negative. CONCLUSION: Two fluoroquinolone and clindamycin-resistant C. difficile PCR ribotype 001 strain clusters occurred at one of the surgical departments of a tertiary care hospital. Ineffective decontamination with suboptimal concentration and time of exposure of sporicidal disinfectants may have resulted in C. difficile transmission.

• Klíčová slova
• Clostridium difficile, MLVA, PCR ribotype 001, Thr82Ile, antimicrobial drug resistance, capillary electrophoresis ribotyping,
• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• centra terciární péče MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile klasifikace   účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fluorochinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• klindamycin farmakologie   MeSH
• klostridiové infekce farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methyltransferasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• metronidazol farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• minisatelitní repetice MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• moxifloxacin MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• ribotypizace MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• substituce aminokyselin MeSH
• vankomycin farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• fluorochinolony MeSH
• klindamycin MeSH
• methyltransferasy MeSH
• metronidazol MeSH
• moxifloxacin MeSH
• rRNA (adenosine-O-2'-)methyltransferase MeSH Prohlížeč
• vankomycin MeSH

We investigated the taxonomic status of a phenetically unique group of 25 Acinetobacter strains which were isolated from multiple soil and water samples collected in natural ecosystems in the Czech Republic. Based on the comparative sequence analyses of the rpoB, gyrB, and 16S rRNA genes, the strains formed a coherent and well separated branch within the genus Acinetobacter. The genomic uniqueness of the group at the species level was supported by the low average nucleotide identity values (≤77.37%) between the whole genome sequences of strain ANC 3994(T) (NCBI accession no. APOH00000000) and the representatives of the known Acinetobacter species. Moreover, all 25 strains created a tight cluster clearly separated from all hitherto described species based on whole-cell protein profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and shared a unique combination of metabolic and physiological properties. The capacity to assimilate l-histidine and the inability to grow at 35°C differentiated them from their phenotypically closest neighbor, Acinetobacter johnsonii. We conclude that the 25 strains represent a novel Acinetobacter species, for which the name Acinetobacter bohemicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of A. bohemicus is ANC 3994(T) (=CIP 110496(T)=CCUG 63842(T)=CCM 8462(T)).

• Klíčová slova
• 16S rRNA gene, ANI, Carbon source assimilation, MALDI-TOF MS, gyrB, rpoB,
• MeSH
• Acinetobacter chemie   klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• DNA bakterií chemie   genetika   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy genetika   MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• histidin metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiologie vody * MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy MeSH
• histidin MeSH
• ribozomální DNA MeSH
• RNA polymerase beta subunit MeSH Prohlížeč
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium. The molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated. METHODS: A modified version of the incorporation plate test was used for quantitative determination of ciprofloxacin resistant mutants and for assessment of the mutation frequency induced by the positive mutagens in different concentrations. An AS-PCR-RFLP for monitoring of gyrA mutations was applied. RESULTS: Mutation frequency, expressed as number of antibiotic resistant colonies per 10(8) viable cells, was much higher after exposure of bacterial cells to 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid and 2-nitrofluorene. All isolated cultures retain decreased susceptibility to antibiotic after multiple passages in antibiotic-free medium. 2-nitrofluorene was the best inducer of mutations in gyrA and in regulation genes affecting suppression of synthesis of outer membrane porins. 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid gives rise to overproduction of efflux pump. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that antibiotic resistance may not be only a consequence of misuse of antibiotics. A polluted environment as well as food processing could contribute to this unwanted process.

• MeSH
• akryláty farmakologie   MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• ciprofloxacin farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• fluoreny farmakologie   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch farmakologie   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mutace účinky léků   MeSH
• mutační rychlost MeSH
• mutageny farmakologie   MeSH
• nitrofurany farmakologie   MeSH
• poriny biosyntéza   MeSH
• proteiny vnější bakteriální membrány biosyntéza   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u bakterií MeSH
• Salmonella typhimurium účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-nitrofluorene MeSH Prohlížeč
• akryláty MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• ciprofloxacin MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• fluoreny MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• mutageny MeSH
• nitrofurany MeSH
• nitrofurylacrylic acid MeSH Prohlížeč
• poriny MeSH
• proteiny vnější bakteriální membrány MeSH

The taxonomic position of Bifidobacterium stercoris Eg1(T) ( = JCM 15918(T)) based on comparative 16S rRNA gene and hsp60 sequence analyses was found to be controversial, as the strain showed high similarity to the type strain of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, CCUG 18363(T). Therefore, the relationship between the two species was investigated by a taxonomic study that included, in addition to re-evaluation of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, determination of DNA-DNA binding and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping genes encoding the DNA-directed RNA polymerase B subunit (rpoC), putative xylulose-5-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (xfp), elongation factor EF-G (fusA), 50S ribosomal protein L2 (rplB) and DNA gyrase B subunit (gyrB). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed relatively high similarity (98.9 %) between B. stercoris KCTC 5756(T) and B. adolescentis ATCC 15703(T). MLSA revealed close relatedness between B. stercoris KCTC 5756(T) and B. adolescentis CCUG 18363(T), with 99.3-100 % similarity between the rpoC, xfp, fusA, rplB and gyrB gene sequences. In addition, relatively high dnaJ1 gene sequence similarity of 97.7 % was found between the strains. Similar phenotypes and a high DNA-DNA binding value (78.9 %) confirmed that B. stercoris and B. adolescentis are synonymous. Based on these results, it is proposed that the species Bifidobacterium stercoris Kim et al. 2010 should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980).

• MeSH
• aldehydlyasy genetika   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy genetika   MeSH
• elongační faktor G genetika   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• ribozomální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aldehydlyasy MeSH
• beta' subunit of RNA polymerase MeSH Prohlížeč
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• DNA řízené RNA-polymerasy MeSH
• elongační faktor G MeSH
• fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase MeSH Prohlížeč
• ribosomal protein L2 MeSH Prohlížeč
• ribozomální proteiny MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

We performed a gene expression study using RT-qPCR in Staphylococcus aureus. The influence of normalization method was investigated. We confirmed that a recent standard, using more reference genes, was the best normalization strategy. The application of the most commonly used reference genes in 2011 (gyrB and 16S rRNA gene) failed.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny * MeSH
• bakteriální RNA genetika   MeSH
• DNA gyráza genetika   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce normy   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce s reverzní transkripcí normy   MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S genetika   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus genetika   MeSH
• transkriptom MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální RNA MeSH
• DNA gyráza MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH