OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer screening (CCS) is an important public health measure for early detection of cervical cancer and prevents a large proportion of cervical cancer deaths. However, participation in CCS is relatively low and varies substantially by country and socio-economic position. This study aimed to provide up-to-date participation rates and estimates on educational inequalities in CCS participation in 24 European countries with population-based CCS programmes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Using data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) conducted in 2019, 80,479 women aged 25-64 years were included in the analyses. First, standardized participation rates and standardized participation rates by educational attainment were calculated for all 24 countries based on each country-specific screening programme organization. Second, a series of generalized logistic models was applied to assess the effect of education on CCS participation. RESULTS: Screening participation rates ranged from 34.1% among low-educated women in Romania to 97.1% among high-educated women in Finland. We observed that lower-educated women were less likely to attend CCS than their higher-educated counterparts. Largest educational gaps were found in Sweden (odds ratio [OR] = 6.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.89-10.35) and Poland (odds ratio = 5.80, 95% CI = 4.34-7.75). CONCLUSION: Population-based screening initiatives have successfully reduced participation differences between women with medium and high educational attainment in some countries; however, persistent disparities still exist between women with low and high levels of education. There is an urgent need to increase participation rates of CCS, especially among lower-educated women.

• Klíčová slova
• Attendance, Cervical cancer, Education, Europe, Inequalities, Screening,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory děložního čípku * diagnóza   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The provision of primary health care was not interrupted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Czechia, although the capacity and resources of providers changed. We examined how the pandemic affected individual general practices throughout 2017-2021, focusing on differences between urban and rural practices. METHODS: We analysed data from the largest health insurance company in Czechia, which provides care to 4.5 million people (60% of the population). We evaluated the prescription volume, diabetes care procedures, and faecal immunochemical test (FIT) in preventive care and new pandemic-related procedures (remote consultations, testing, and vaccinations). For the spatial distribution of practices, we adapted the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development typology. RESULTS: We observed minimal declines in 2020 in the rate of prescribing (-1.0%) and diabetes care (-5.1%), with a rapid resumption in 2021, but a substantial decline in FIT (-17.8% in 2020) with slow resumption. Remote consultations were used by 94% of all practices regardless of location, with testing and vaccinations more commonly performed by rural general practitioners (GPs). CONCLUSIONS: Primary care in Czechia rose to the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, as shown by the finding that the volume of healthcare services provided through primary care did not decrease across most of the monitored parameters. This study also confirmed that rural GPs provide more care in-house, both in terms of prescribing and procedures performed in their practices. Future studies will need to focus on preventive care, which the pandemic has dampened in GP practices in Czechia.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, Cancer screening tests, Diabetes mellitus, Prescriptions, Primary health care, Rural health,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• COVID-19 * epidemiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus * epidemiologie   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• odborná praxe - umístění statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• pandemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• praktičtí lékaři statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• primární zdravotní péče MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Anal cancer (AC) screening is justified in high-risk populations, particularly HIV-positive men having sex with men (MSM). HR-HPV testing could improve the efficiency of cytologically based screening of AC, as in the screening of biologically analogical cervical cancer. The specificity of HR-HPV testing is influenced by the prevalence of HR-HPV infection in the screened population. Reported anal HR-HPV DNA prevalence in MSM is high, but HR-HPV mRNA reflects rather long-term infections and is more specific for high-grade lesions. However, no data were published about HR-HPV DNA and mRNA prevalence in the Czech AC screening population. METHOD: Results of liquid-based anal cytology of 203 predominantly HIV-positive MSM from the Czech AC screening cohort were correlated with results of DNA and E6/E7 mRNA testing of 14 HR-HPV types, and HPV16 genotyping. Eighty-one MSM underwent a standard anoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 109 (53.7%) samples had abnormal cytology, with 12 (5.9%) ASC-H/HSIL, 67 (33.0%) samples cytologically negative, and 27 (13.3%) unsatisfactory. HR-HPV DNA was detected in 134 (66.0%) and HR-HPV RNA in 72 (35.5%) anal smears. HR-HPV mRNA and HPV16 mRNA positivity were associated with abnormal cytology (p = .0037, p = .0021). No significant association was found between HR-HPV DNA or HPV16 DNA positivity and abnormal cytology. No high-grade lesions were revealed by anoscopy. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of anal HR-HPV DNA among Czech MSM is high, however, the prevalence of HR-HPV mRNA is half and associated with abnormal cytology. Our results indicate an increased efficiency of cytological screening when combined with HR-HPV mRNA testing.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech MSM, anal cancer screening, anal cytology, high-risk human papillomavirus DNA, high-risk human papillomavirus mRNA,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• DNA virů genetika   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• homosexualita mužská genetika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• infekce papilomavirem epidemiologie   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• messenger RNA genetika   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nádory anu genetika   patologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sexuální a genderové menšiny statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA virů MeSH
• messenger RNA MeSH

The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is the primary quality indicator for colonoscopies. The polyp detection rate (PDR) is available from administrative data and does not depend on histology verification. The correlation between PDR and ADR and the ADR/PDR conversion factor in preventive colonoscopies were evaluated. In the prospective study, asymptomatic individuals aged 45-75 years with preventive colonoscopy in 2012-2016 were included. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess PDR/ADR for each endoscopist. Conversion factor predicting ADR from PDR was obtained by linear regression and subsequently compared with adenoma to polyp detection rate quotient. One thousand six hundred fourteen preventive colonoscopies performed by 16 endoscopists in 8 screening colonoscopy centres in the Czech Republic were analysed. Correlation between PDR and ADR in all preventive colonoscopies was high and statistically significant (Rs 0.82; P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between PDR and ADR in men (Rs 0.74; P = 0.002) and in screening colonoscopies (Rs 0.85; P < 0.001). The conversion factor to convert ADR from PDR was 0.72 in all preventive colonoscopies, 0.76 in FOBT+ colonoscopies and 0.67 in screening colonoscopies. ADR may be replaced by PDR in the assessment of colonoscopy quality. The value of the conversion factor varies according to colonoscopy indication and gender of examined individuals; in this Czech study, it was 0.72 in all preventive colonoscopies. The minimum requested ADR of 25 % corresponds to a PDR of 35 %, when converted with the appropriate conversion factor.

• MeSH
• adenom diagnóza   epidemiologie   patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• administrativní požadavky na zdravotní péči statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolon diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• kolonoskopie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plošný screening metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• polypy tlustého střeva diagnóza   epidemiologie   patologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• střevní sliznice diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Public awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uptake of CRC screening remain challenges. The viewpoints of the target population (asymptomatic individuals older than 50) regarding CRC screening information sources and the reasons for and against participation in CRC screening are not well known in the Czech Republic. This study aimed to acquire independent opinions from the target population independently on the health system. AIM: To investigate the viewpoints of the target population regarding the source of information for and barriers and facilitators of CRC screening. METHODS: A survey among relatives (aged 50 and older) of university students was conducted. Participants answered a questionnaire about sources of awareness regarding CRC screening, reasons for and against participation, and suggestions for improvements in CRC screening. The effect of certain variables on participation in CRC screening was analyzed. RESULTS: Of 498 participants, 478 (96%) respondents had some information about CRC screening and 375 (75.3%) had participated in a CRC screening test. General practitioners (GPs) (n = 319, 64.1%) and traditional media (n = 166, 33.3%) were the most common information sources regarding CRC screening. A lack of interest or time and a fear of colonoscopy or positive results were reported as reasons for non-participation. Individuals aged > 60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.42-3.71), P = 0.001], females (aOR = 1.95, 95%CI (1.26-3.01) P = 0.003), and relatives of CRC patients (aOR = 4.17, 95%CI (1.82-9.58) P = 0.001) were more likely to participate in screening. Information regarding screening provided by physicians - GPs: (aOR = 8.11, 95%CI (4.90-13.41), P < 0.001) and other specialists (aOR = 4.19, 95%CI (1.87-9.38), P = 0.001) increased participation in screening. Respondents suggested that providing better explanations regarding screening procedures and equipment for stool capturing could improve CRC screening uptake. CONCLUSION: GPs and other specialists play crucial roles in the successful uptake of CRC screening. Reduction of the fear of colonoscopy and simple equipment for stool sampling might assist in improving the uptake of CRC screening.

• Klíčová slova
• Colonoscopy, Colorectal cancer, Fecal occult blood test, General practitioner, Patient compliance, Screening,
• MeSH
• adherence pacienta psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolonoskopie psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• okultní krev MeSH
• plošný screening psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• strach psychologie   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse the results of three cycles of mammography screening (MS) in the Croatian National Programme (CNP) for Early Breast Cancer Detection for women aged 50–69 years in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County (BBC) from 2006–2014. METHODS: Data on women aged 50–69 screened during a 9-year period were obtained from the Croatian Cancer Registry and Institute of Public Health reports. Participation rate and performance indicators were examined. RESULTS: The total of 57,428 women were invited to mammography screening in BBC during a 9-year period and 31,402 mammograms in total were performed. The response rate of 84% in BBC was consistently higher than the national average of about 60% reported in 2007, 2013 and 2014. CONCLUSION: The National Programme in BBC has been carried out continuously for nine years with a higher response rate compared with the national average, as a result of additional efforts of the Croatian Institute of Public Health team, as well as good cooperation among all programme stakeholders. It was concluded that to achieve better results in the response of women to screening and consequently reduced mortality from breast cancer is possible through tailored health promotion activities.

• Klíčová slova
• mammography screening, breast cancer, participation rate,
• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mamografie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• pacientův souhlas se zdravotní péčí statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• plošný screening statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Chorvatsko MeSH

UNLABELLED: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant disease in developed countries and its incidence is steadily growing. This trend has a stable character despite the fact that CRC is among the best prevention influenced malignancies. National CRC screening program in the Czech Republic, which was established in year 2000, follows the world trends resulting from evidence based medicine. Currently, the basic tools of screening program are immunochemical fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy in case of their positivity or screening colonoscopy. Stagnation of participating population resulted to initiation of address invitation of the target population in January 2014, in which citizens are regularly invited to attend the screening program and their response is subsequently evaluated. Screening that impacts whole target group is called population screening. KEY WORDS: colorectal cancer, population screening program, colonoscopy, fecal occult blood tests, address invitation.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kolonoskopie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lékařská onkologie trendy   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• okultní krev MeSH
• plošný screening statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• registrace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The Czech organised breast cancer screening programme was initiated in 2002. Collection of data on screening mammography examinations, subsequent diagnostic procedures, and final dia-gnosis is an indispensable part of the programme. Data collection is obligatory for all accredited centres, in accordance with regulations issued by the Czech Ministry of Health. This contribution aims to demonstrate the recent results of quality monitoring of the accredited centres. Quality indicators, whose definition complies with international standards, involve the women's participation, the volume of performed examinations, the accuracy of screening mammography, the use of preoperative diagnostics, and the proportion of early detected tumours. Our evaluation documents a continuous improvement in quality of the Czech mammography screening programme, which is thereby in full agreement with international recommendations on quality assurance.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mamografie MeSH
• nádory prsu diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• programy národního zdraví MeSH
• surveillance populace * MeSH
• ukazatele kvality zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• zajištění kvality zdravotní péče MeSH
• zlepšení kvality MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers, and the Central European countries have the highest CRC burden worldwide. CRC screening has repeatedly been proven capable of decreasing CRC mortality and incidence rates. The nationwide Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme in the Czech Republic involves the colonoscopic examination as a diagnostic method (for patients with a positive FOBT result - screening colonoscopy - SC), or as a screening method (primary screening colonoscopy - PSC). The aim of this article is to present the results of colonoscopic examinations performed as part of the Czech screening programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the purpose of quality assurance, the Czech programme has been equipped since 2006 with an information system called the Colorectal Cancer Screening Registry, which collects and evaluates data on preventive colonoscopies performed in the colonoscopy screening centres. Performance indicators, as specified in the European Guidelines (and adapted for the Czech programme), are employed to assess preventive colonoscopies performed in the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Since 2006, more than 110,000 SCs and almost 20,000 PSCs were recorded. Approximately 95% of SCs and almost 98% of PSC were classified as total, i.e. examining the entire colonic mucosa up to the caecum. The positive predictive value of FOBT for adenomas has increased slightly and continuously over time, and was 39.7% in 2013. In PSC, the adenoma detection rate (ADR) has recently increased compared to previous years, and was 27.3% in 2013. CRC was detected in 3.7% of individuals undergoing an SC examination and in 1.0% of individuals undergoing a PSC examination. The programme safety is controlled based on the monitoring of complications during colonoscopies; these can occur either during diagnostic colonoscopy (perforation in 0.03% of cases since 2006) or during endoscopic polypectomy (perforation in 0.12% of cases, bleeding in 0.73% of cases since 2006). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that the quality of colonoscopic examinations corresponds to the international standards and that this is not an obstacle to a positive impact of CRC screening on the Czech population, which has a high colorectal cancer burden.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolonoskopie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• programy národního zdraví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• registrace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The nationwide Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme was introduced in the Czech Republic in 2000. The aim of this article is to describe the employment of faecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) by the Czech population within the screening programme, and to provide information on the latest results of the programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on the development of the colorectal cancer (CRC) burden in the Czech population is obtained from the Czech National Cancer Registry, a database required by the Czech law that has been collecting comprehensive data on cancer patients since 1977. Data on FOBT employment can be obtained from health care payers, and was provided by the Czech National Reference Centre. RESULTS: Around 8,000 patients are diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the Czech Republic each year, and the number of CRC deaths is about 4,000. Despite the ongoing screening programme, significant improvements in the proportional representation of cancer stages (i.e., improvements in early detection of CRC cases) have yet to be seen. Although the number of FOBTs performed in the Czech Republic has significantly grown in the long term (which is accompanied by an increase in coverage by this screening test), the total coverage of the Czech population aged over 50 was only 25.5% in 2012. The Olomouc Region, the Zlin region, and the Usti nad Labem region had the highest coverage rates by CRC screening based on FOBT (over 28%), while the Capital of Prague had the lowest coverage rate (18%). Since 2008, FOBT positivity rates have seen a continuous and significant increase, reaching 6.9% in 2012. Between 13 to 14% of FOBTs in women are performed by practical gynaecologists. CONCLUSION: Despite a significant increase in the participation rate in recent years, which was partially improved by the involvement of practical gynaecologists, the programme unfortunately still covers only a quarter of the eligible population. Implementation of effective measures aimed at getting people interested in preventive examinations (including the recently introduced programme of personalized invitations) is therefore essential; otherwise, the screening programme will not be successful on the population level.

• MeSH
• časná detekce nádoru statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolorektální nádory diagnóza   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• okultní krev MeSH
• programy národního zdraví normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• registrace * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH