The microcirculation, like all physiological systems undergoes modifications during the course of pregnancy. These changes aid the adaption to the new anatomical and physiological environment of pregnancy and ensure adequate oxygen supply to the fetus. Even though the microcirculation is believed to be involved in major pregnancy related pathologies, it remains poorly understood. The availability of safe and non-interventional technologies enabling scientists to study the intact microcirculation of the pregnant patient will hopefully expand our understanding. In this article we review the physiological changes occurring in the microcirculation during pregnancy and the role of the microcirculation in gestational related pathologies. We will also describe the available techniques for the measurement and evaluation of the microcirculation. Lastly we will highlight the possible fields in which these techniques could be utilized to help provide a clearer view of the microcirculation in the pregnant woman.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocirkulace fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: During a longer car drive there are changes in rheological properties of driver's or passenger's connective tissues taking place as a consequence of monotonous and vibration load. These changes show more among the pregnant drivers, whose motion system is under heavier demands due to pregnancy. To asses these changes we have used the TVS (transfer vibration through the spine) method. METHODS: The TVS is based on application of γ excitation pulses with half-length 5 ms and then harmonic excitation continuously periodically changing from 5 Hz to 160 Hz on C7 and L5 vertebrae. This wave is transferred along the axial system and the acceleration of all the spinous tips of the vertebrae, along which the waves spread between C7 and S1, is detected by accelerometric sensors. The measurement was carried out on three drivers before and after a 4-hours driving. The same measurements of wave transfer along the spine with just one pregnant woman were carried out in th 16th, 26th and 32nd week of pregnancy. Consequently we constructed a simplified model of the spine in order to analyze gathered data by discovering elementary properties of the measured system. RESULTS: After both vibration and physical load there is a more significant dampening of the spinal tissues apparent, i.e. lower acceleration amplitude and the tissues resonance frequency also shifts towards the lower frequencies. On the other hand after long lasting relaxation on a bed an opposite tendency showed, the acceleration amplitude was higher, tissues were relaxed and dampening was lower. The same tendency manifested among the pregnant women. The influence of progressing pregnancy on the spinal segment transfer function showed through a shifting of peaks above 20Hz. Their size also changes monotonously. An absorption area moves towards higher frequencies, rigidity of axial system connections grows. CONCLUSION: The results say that drivers, including pregnant women, show changes in mechanical properties of examined tissues before and after vibration or other type of load. Or conversely before and after relaxation on a bed. Results of this work will be further analyzed, verified and evaluation procedures will be improved. We expect to find dependencies between excitation and resonance frequencies during the transfer via the axial system, the rheological properties of the axial system components and the physical nature of the load of the axial system. They are then going to be applicable for the prevention of injuries of the axial system, physiotherapy practices in the rehabilitation of post-operative conditions, the dosage of training loads of athletes, in determining the effects of job stress regimes and their prevention.

• MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• fyziologický stres fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• páteř fyziologie   MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• řízení motorových vozidel * MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• vibrace * MeSH
• zatížení muskuloskeletálního systému fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess coagulation markers of endothelial damage and examine new markers of endothelial activation such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in a group of healthy pregnant women. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, in particular, plays a major role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix confirming its essential function in both the survival (angiogenesis) and death of endothelial cells. Detection of specific coagulation factors, mainly released from the vascular endothelium such as vWF, sTM (soluble thrombomodulin) and ePCR (endothelial protein C receptor) and factors dependent on endothelial activation such as t-PA and PAI-1, could provide information on possible endothelial dysfunction and help differentiate pregnant patients with an altered thrombotic state. METHODS: Healthy pregnant women underwent complete assessment for endothelial damage (as vWF, vWF activity, sTM, ePCR, EMP, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2) using the ELISA and other methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that endothelial activation during pregnancy is different from that in other pathological conditions involving endothelial damage and typically characterized by higher levels of both coagulation endothelial markers and MMPs. In pregnancy, changes in extracellular matrix composition and matrix metalloproteinase activity also occur and promote vascular remodeling but, only in the uterus. Predisposing risk factors for epithelial dysfunction, and vascular mediators associated with vascular remodeling must be assessed from concentrations in whole blood. The levels of MMPs are not increased in the circulation and the local situation in the uterus cannot be monitored this way. However, MMP-2 processes and modulates the functions of many other vasoactive and pro-inflammatory molecules including adrenomedullin, big endothelin-1, calcitonin gene-related peptide, CCL7/MCP-3, CXCL12/SDF-1, galectin-3, IGFBP-3, IL-1 Beta, S100A8, and S100A9. These molecules represent new potential molecular markers of endothelial damage during pregnancy.

• MeSH
• biologické markery analýza   MeSH
• cévní endotel fyziologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• extracelulární matrix metabolismus   MeSH
• koagulační faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixové metaloproteinasy metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• koagulační faktory MeSH
• matrixové metaloproteinasy MeSH
• tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Equations linking nutritional intake of energy and substrates (NIES) to anthropometry during pregnancy are currently unknown. The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine the predictive equations for NIES as an expression of dietary patterns. METHODS: In total, 152 randomly recruited healthy pregnant Czech women (non-smokers, non-users of long-term medications or abusers of alcohol or drugs, normoglycemic, euthyroid, and non-anemic) were divided into two cohorts: group 1 (n = 31) was used for the determination of equations for NIES during pregnancy, and group 2 (n = 121) for cross-validation of these equations. In both study groups, anthropometry was measured and resting energy expenditure obtained by indirect calorimetry after 12 h of fasting during four phases of pregnancy. NIES was evaluated from self-reported dietary intake records over 7 d. RESULTS: Strong relations were found between NIES and anthropometric parameters, especially the difference between pregnancy body weight and ideal body weight. By correlation analysis and linear regression, new predictive equations were derived for NIES during pregnancy using the difference between pregnancy body weight and ideal body weight. A high concordance was observed between values from the predictive equations and the actual assessed values of NIES in group 2. CONCLUSION: The proposed equations for nutritional intake of energy, protein, and fats have a reasonable prediction power during pregnancy in relation to physiologic birth outcome.

• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• energetický příjem * MeSH
• fyziologie výživy v mateřství MeSH
• hodnocení stavu výživy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• nepřímá kalorimetrie MeSH
• nutriční stav * MeSH
• odpočinek MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• validační studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The medical treatment of pregnant women, as well as their fetuses, has become a common clinical practice in developed countries. Therefore, detailed knowledge of maternofetal pharmacokinetics, including the role of drug-efflux transporters in the fetoplacental unit, is crucial to optimize drug choice and dosage schemes and to avoid or exploit possible drug-drug interactions on placental transporters in order to assure appropriate drug levels in the mother and/or fetus. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) is the most recent member of ATP-binding cassette drug-efflux transporters that has been associated with resistance in cancer chemotherapy. Importantly, ABCG2 has also been localized in various normal tissues, affecting the pharmacokinetics of several xenobiotics as well as a number of physiological substances. Extensive expression of ABCG2 in tissue barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, intestine, testis, or placenta, suggests that ABCG2 plays an important role in the protection of sensitive tissues against toxins. In the placenta, ABCG2 has been experimentally evidenced to actively pump its substrates in the fetal-to-maternal direction and to play an important role in transplacental pharmacokinetics, fetal protection, and detoxication. Further, ABCG2 expression in embryonic and fetal membranes over the course of pregnancy helps ensure proper function of the fetoplacental unit. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding expression and function of ABCG2 in the fetoplacental unit during the development of the fetus and overview the aspects of transplacental pharmacokinetics, ABCG2 regulation, and clinical significance of the transporter for pharmacotherapy in pregnancy.

• MeSH
• ABC transportér z rodiny G, člen 2 MeSH
• ABC transportéry genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• embryo savčí fyziologie   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• placenta metabolismus   MeSH
• plod fyziologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• xenobiotika metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ABC transportér z rodiny G, člen 2 MeSH
• ABC transportéry MeSH
• ABCG2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• nádorové proteiny MeSH
• xenobiotika MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The aim is data detection and finding some load consequences generated by various mechanical or physiological changes in the interaction of the end segment of the body--the foot--and the environment. DESIGN: Shape instability of the foot caused by e.g. loading of the foot by long-term frequency loads--walking, by extreme loads--sport, by hormonal changes--pregnancy, by aging, by pathologies, etc. The footprint surface was numerically described in 3D by means of stereo-photo-gram-metrical method--DMR digital relief model. Density of discrete points--250-400 per one print. SETTING: Detailed DMR was constructed by means of triangular web including contour picture with the use of Atlas program. The specified generated web is characterized by triangles with a cca 1 mm side in the number of up to 4,500 elements per one footprint model. RESULTS: The results enable us to deduce shape characteristics of DMR--the shape of the interactive boundary of the foot--the rest surface, to solve foot arch straining, to solve issues of discomfort and distribution of the pressure at the boundary of the foot--the rest surface, the shoe, etc. The gained findings can be interpreted in the field of prevention, therapy, orthopedics, podology, and enable us to come up with recommendations for the orthopedic practice and industrial use in the footwear production, etc. THE MAIN FINDINGS: The difference between volume reductions of the space under the foot arch characterizes the level of "fall" of the arch. This criterion is independent of the foot size, and is in 3D. CONCLUSIONS: Shape characteristics of footprints in pregnant women and in the period after childbirth were calculated on the basis of the defined criterion. The results of the group of four women tested in three periods suggest that there is no clear tendency towards the foot arch falling/increasing of the foot arch "fall" during the pregnancy period.

• MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanický stres MeSH
• modely anatomické MeSH
• noha (od hlezna dolů) anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• poporodní období fyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• zatížení muskuloskeletálního systému MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Selected parameters of mechanical characteristics of the gravid abdomen under impact load. TYPE OF THE STUDY: Experimental biomechanical study carried out in a human in vivo. METHOD: Damped vibration of the gravid abdomen was detected after a defined impact load using speed cinematographic recording of 103 pictures/sec. A women in 32nd week of gestation, performing toe stand and fall down to the heel, the drop was 0.08 m. The recording was digitalized and the values mathematically analysed. The method used was PAM (polynomial approximation method) of approximation of discrete coordinates. The umbilikus' trajectory in reaction to the impact load was described analytically and interpreted graphically. Parameters of abdomen vibration were detected in horizontal profile by tensometric belt. Impact in interaction of soles with the underlay was detected with the help of tensometric platform Kistler. Ultimate strength point of myometrium was set by tearing experiment in 12 samples. RESULTS: Calculation of characteristics of damped, aperiodic vibration of hydro-viscous elastic system as the outside behaviour of the gravid abdomen. Parameters in vertical direction of umbilicus: impulse in abdominal area - 2,72 Ns, T-period - 0.1299 s, amplitude - 0,009 m, frequency - 7,7 Hz, functional damping - from -6 to +12 Nsm-1. In horizontal direction: frequency 5,4 Hz, damping 123 Nsm-1. Impact in soles' sphere 40 Ns with maximum value 1511 N, which represents level 2,2 G. Ultimate strength point of myometrium is 0,1 - 1,1 MPa. CONCLUSION: The results show one of the possible critical, risky frequencies of the gravid abdomen, that is, in this concrete case, the frequency of the vibrating system of cca 7,7 Hz in vertical direction and cca 5,4 Hz horizontally. This implies that e.g. this frequency is dangerous (possible abruptio placentae) and is necessary to be avoided e.g. when travelling by means of public transportation. The applied analytic methods and presented parameters will be used for e.g. modelling the examined gravid system under impact load of a general character--locomotion, work-load, car accidents, etc.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• břišní stěna anatomie a histologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myometrium fyziologie   MeSH
• pružnost MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• vibrace MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To summarise which metalloproteinases and specific inhibitors have been already described, their regulatory mechanisms in obstetric complications. DESIGN: A literature review. SETTING: Department of Gynecology Obstetric and University Hospital, Palacký University, Olomouc. ABSTRACTS: The invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells into the maternal endometrium is one of the key events in human placentation. The ability of these cells to infiltrate the uterine wall and to anchor the placenta to it as well as their ability to infiltrate and adjust utero-placental vessels to pregnancy depends, among other things, on their ability to secrete enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix. Most of these enzymes belong to the family of matrix metalloproteinases. In the literature review, we focus on the role of these proteases in normal pregnancy as well as on their importance in the development of some pregnancy complications.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• matrixové metaloproteinasy fyziologie   MeSH
• předčasná porodní činnost patofyziologie   MeSH
• preeklampsie patofyziologie   MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• matrixové metaloproteinasy MeSH
• tkáňové inhibitory metaloproteinas MeSH

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• vedení porodu metody   MeSH
• voda MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• voda MeSH

Using a neurohistochemical method for visualization of ACHE positive nerves according to El Badawi and Schenk (5), the authors investigated the distribution of the cholinergic innervation in the oviducts of pregnant women. The cholinergic nerve fibres were present in the oviducts during all trimesters of pregnancy. ACHE positivity of nerve structures in the musculature did not display substantial changes. On the other hand, the authors observed in the mucosa of the oviduct marked changes. In the first trimester they found few cholinergic fibres, in the second and third trimester the number of cholinergic nerve fibres increases. The findings provide evidence that the cholinergic innervation of the mucosa of the oviduct is oestrogen dependent. It will be necessary to elucidate the problem of increasing ACHE positivity of nerve structures during pregnancy by further observations.

• MeSH
• acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus   MeSH
• cholinergní vlákna enzymologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• histocytochemie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• vejcovody inervace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylcholinesterasa MeSH