Numbers of pathogenic bacteria can induce apoptosis in human host cells and modulate the cellular pathways responsible for inducing or inhibiting apoptosis. These pathogens are significantly recognized by host proteins and provoke the multitude of several signaling pathways and alter the cellular apoptotic stimuli. This process leads the bacterial entry into the mammalian cells and evokes a variety of responses like phagocytosis, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, secretion of bacterial effectors, release of both apoptotic and inflammatory cytokines, and the triggering of apoptosis. Several mechanisms are involved in bacteria-induced apoptosis including, initiation of the endogenous death machinery, pore-forming proteins, and secretion of superantigens. Either small molecules or proteins may act as a binding partner responsible for forming the protein complexes and regulate enzymatic activity via protein-protein interactions. The bacteria induce apoptosis, attack the human cell and gain control over various types of cells and tissue. Since these processes are intricate in the defense mechanisms of host organisms against pathogenic bacteria and play an important function in host-pathogen interactions. In this chapter, we focus on the various bacterial-induced apoptosis mechanisms in host cells and discuss the important proteins and bacterial effectors that trigger the host cell apoptosis. The structural characterization of bacterial effector proteins and their interaction with human host cells are also considered.

• Klíčová slova
• Apoptosis, Bcl-2, CagA, Caspase, Cytochrome c, Hemolysin, Nf-kB, Pathogenic bacteria, TLR,
• MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• Bacteria * imunologie   patogenita   MeSH
• bakteriální infekce imunologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny * chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• faktory virulence * chemie   imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny * MeSH
• faktory virulence * MeSH

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a biocompatible material that has many potential biomedical applications, including in orthopaedics. DLC layers doped with Cr at atomic percent (at.%) of 0, 0.9, 1.8, 7.3, and 7.7 at.% were evaluated with reference to their osteoinductivity with human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), immune activation potential with RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells, and their effect on apoptosis in Saos-2 human osteoblast-like cells and neonatal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). At mRNA level, hMSCs on DLC doped with 0.9 and 7.7 at.% of Cr reached higher maximum values of both RUNX2 and alkaline phosphatase. An earlier onset of mRNA production of type I collagen and osteocalcin was also observed on these samples; they also supported the production of both type I collagen and osteocalcin. RAW 264.7 macrophages were screened using a RayBio™ Human Cytokine Array for cytokine production. 10 cytokines were at a concentration more than 2 × as high as the concentration of a positive control, but the values for the DLC samples were only moderately higher than the values on glass. NHDF cells, but not Saos-2 cells, had a higher expression of pro-apoptotic markers Bax and Bim and a lower expression of anti-apoptotic factor BCL-XL in proportion to the Cr content. Increased apoptosis was also proven by annexin V staining. These results show that a Cr-doped DLC layer with a lower Cr content can act as an osteoinductive material with relatively low immunogenicity, but that a higher Cr content can induce cell apoptosis.

• MeSH
• aktiny metabolismus   MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• apoptóza účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• buněčná adheze účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• chrom farmakologie   MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• diamant farmakologie   MeSH
• fibroblasty cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• kolagen typu I genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie   účinky léků   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• osteogeneze účinky léků   MeSH
• osteokalcin genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• počet buněk MeSH
• proliferace buněk účinky léků   MeSH
• protein PEBP2alfaA genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese účinky léků   MeSH
• RNA metabolismus   MeSH
• tvar buňky účinky léků   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• vinkulin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aktiny MeSH
• alkalická fosfatasa MeSH
• chrom MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• diamant MeSH
• kolagen typu I MeSH
• osteokalcin MeSH
• protein PEBP2alfaA MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• vápník MeSH
• vinkulin MeSH

Shlezinger et al (Reports, 8 September 2017, p. 1037) report that the common fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, a cause of aspergillosis, undergoes caspase-dependent apoptosis-like cell death triggered by lung neutrophils. However, the technologies they used do not provide reliable evidence that fungal cells die via a protease signaling cascade thwarted by a fungal caspase inhibitor homologous to human survivin.

• MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• Aspergillus fumigatus imunologie   MeSH
• aspergilóza imunologie   MeSH
• buněčná smrt MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• plíce imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• komentáře MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery directly initiates a systemic inflammatory response with the activation of both cellular and humoral parts of the immune system. Exaggerated immune system activation is associated with a risk of life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) and increased morbidity and mortality in the postoperative period. The immune system response is regulated and terminated by inhibitory mechanisms, including the regulatory membrane molecules, such as CD200R, CD95, CD95L and soluble sCD200R. METHODS: We measured the expression of CD95, CD95L, CD200R and sCD200R molecules in granulocyte and monocyte populations in blood samples of 30 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Samples collected before surgery, after surgery and in the postoperative period were analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS: We found a significant increase in the percentage of granulocytes featuring the anti-inflammatory molecule CD200R (from 5% to 17.8%) after surgery. We presume that these cells were less susceptible to apoptosis because they rarely expressed CD95 as the CD200R(+)CD95(-) granulocyte sub-population prevailed. Only a small percentage of CD200R(+) granulocytes expressed simultaneously CD95 (from 0.5 to 2.06 %). This small population of CD200R(+)CD95(+) cells decreased expression of CD200R after surgery and, thus, was likely to be a source of increased sCD200R in serum (from 96 to 294 ng/mL). Also, the expression of CD95L on CD200R(+) granulocytes and CD95 on CD200R(+) monocytes was affected by surgery. The percentage of CD200R(+) monocytes was elevated on the 1(st) postoperative day (from 30.6 to 49.4 %) and dropped below the preoperative value on the 7(th) day after surgery (from 30.6 to 19.8 %). This population comprised mainly CD200R(+)CD95(+) monocytes in which the enhanced expression of CD95 was found. CONCLUSION: Our data show that the expression of CD200R, CD95 and CD95L was influenced by cardiac surgery and imply the role of these membrane molecules in cell regulation-inhibition and apoptosis following cardiac surgery.

• Klíčová slova
• CD200R, CD95, CD95L, CPB, SIRS, apoptosis, cardiac surgery, regulatory molecules, sCD200R,
• MeSH
• antigeny CD95 krev   imunologie   MeSH
• antigeny povrchové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• elektivní chirurgické výkony MeSH
• granulocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• koronární bypass * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligand Fas krev   imunologie   MeSH
• monocyty imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• orexinové receptory MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu krev   imunologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD95 MeSH
• antigeny povrchové MeSH
• CD200R1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• FAS protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• ligand Fas MeSH
• orexinové receptory MeSH
• receptory buněčného povrchu MeSH

Recent studies have identified molecular events characteristic of immunogenic cell death (ICD), including surface exposure of calreticulin (CRT), the heat shock proteins HSP70 and HSP90, the release of high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and the release of ATP from dying cells. We investigated the potential of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to induce ICD in human tumor cells. HHP induced the rapid expression of HSP70, HSP90 and CRT on the cell surface. HHP also induced the release of HMGB1 and ATP. The interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) with HHP-treated tumor cells led to a more rapid rate of DC phagocytosis, upregulation of CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR and the release of interleukin IL-6, IL-12p70 and TNF-α. DCs pulsed with tumor cells killed by HHP induced high numbers of tumor-specific T cells. DCs pulsed with HHP-treated tumor cells also induced the lowest number of regulatory T cells. In addition, we found that the key features of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, such as reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α and activation of caspase-8, were activated by HHP treatment. Therefore, HHP acts as a reliable and potent inducer of ICD in human tumor cells.

• Klíčová slova
• cancer immunotherapy, dendritic cells, heat shock proteins, high hydrostatic pressure, immunogenic cell death,
• MeSH
• adenosintrifosfát metabolismus   MeSH
• aktivace enzymů imunologie   MeSH
• antigen CD83 MeSH
• antigeny CD86 biosyntéza   MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• CD antigeny biosyntéza   MeSH
• dendritické buňky imunologie   MeSH
• eukaryotický iniciační faktor 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• fagocytóza imunologie   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• HLA-DR antigeny biosyntéza   MeSH
• hydrostatický tlak MeSH
• imunoglobuliny biosyntéza   MeSH
• interleukin-12 metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kalretikulin biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• kaspasa 8 metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• membránové proteiny biosyntéza   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• nádory imunologie   MeSH
• protein HMGB1 imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP90 biosyntéza   imunologie   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• regulační T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• stres endoplazmatického retikula imunologie   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenosintrifosfát MeSH
• antigeny CD86 MeSH
• CD antigeny MeSH
• CD86 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• eukaryotický iniciační faktor 2 MeSH
• HLA-DR antigeny MeSH
• HMGB1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• IL6 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• imunoglobuliny MeSH
• interleukin-12 MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• kalretikulin MeSH
• kaspasa 8 MeSH
• membránové glykoproteiny MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• protein HMGB1 MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP70 MeSH
• proteiny tepelného šoku HSP90 MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

Recently, forkhead/winged-helix family box protein P3 (FOXP-3) was described as the main regulator of regulatory T cells' activity. This transcription factor has the ability to control the immunosuppressive response of regulatory T cells. FOXP-3 has binding sites for different genes specific for proteins with various important functions. In this article, selected FOXP-3-dependent genes with known functions were divided into two groups. The first group of genes has main immunoregulatory functions, and the second group has the ability to regulate apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Investigation of the functions of all FOXP-3-dependent genes opens perspectives for applications in different fields of basic and clinical research.

• MeSH
• apoptóza genetika   imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• forkhead transkripční faktory genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorová transformace buněk genetika   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• regulační T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• syndrom MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• forkhead transkripční faktory MeSH
• FOXP3 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

AIMS: In a group of patients undergoing cardiac surgery performed both with ("on-pump") and without the use ("offpump") of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), we studied the changes of neutrophil membrane apoptosis-inducing complex Apo/Fas. METHODS: Expression of Apo/Fas (CD95) on leukocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In "on-pump" patients, we found an increase in the expression of CD95 median intensity fluorescence (MFI) on granulocytes from a baseline level median=56, (Q( 1)=45.5, Q(3)=64) to a median=88, (Q(1)=62, Q( 3)=109.5; p<0.01) at the 3(rd) postoperative day and median=74, (Q(1)=63, Q(3)=84.5; p<0.01) at the 7(th) postoperative day. In "off-pump" patients, granulocyte CD95 MFI was median=55, (Q(1)=51, Q(3)=84) before surgery. The significant increase was found on the 3(rd) postoperative day only; median=90, (Q( 1)=66; Q(3)=98; p<0.05). A similar pattern in the CD95 expression was also found if percentage changes of granulocyte CD95 MFI were followed. Moreover, the significantly increased Apo/Fas expression expressed as a percentage change of CD95 MFI was found in "on-pump" patients compared to "off-pump" patients, both at the 3(rd) postoperative day (p<0.05) and at the 7(th) postoperative day (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first direct evidence of increasing densities of the Apo/Fas complex on neutrophils in cardiac surgical patients.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD95 metabolismus   MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony * MeSH
• kardiopulmonální bypass škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutrofily cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace imunologie   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• upregulace imunologie   MeSH
• zánět imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD95 MeSH
• FAS protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

The complement system is a major part of the innate immunity. The first component of the classical pathway of complement activation, C1q, plays a crucial role in the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic bodies from the organism. Autoantibodies against C1q (anti-C1q) have been found in a number of autoimmune and infectious diseases. They have been best described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, where they are thought to play a pathogenic role in lupus nephritis (LN). Their high negative predictive value for the occurrence of active proliferative LN, as well as their possible ability to indicate a renal flare as soon as 6 months in advance, have rendered anti-C1q antibodies a novel non-invasive tool in the detection of active LN.

• MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• autoprotilátky krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• imunokomplex imunologie   MeSH
• klasická dráha komplementu MeSH
• komplement C1q imunologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nefritida při lupus erythematodes diagnóza   imunologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• systémový lupus erythematodes krev   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• imunokomplex MeSH
• komplement C1q MeSH

This study was undertaken to investigate the time course of surface expression of CD14 on neutrophils and macrophages and to determine their association with resolution of inflammatory responses during Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis experimental mastitis. Infections of the mammary gland induce a local immune response characterized by an increase in the total counts of CD14+ neutrophils and CD14+ macrophages particularly. On the other hand, resolution is accompanied by an increase in relative counts of CD14+ neutrophils, CD14+ vacuolized macrophages and apoptotic neutrophils. Following the immune reaction of mammary gland against Gram-negative/positive bacteria is very similar. Between the apoptotic and CD14+ neutrophils a high correlation was measured during the whole experimental period (S. aureus: r=0.64; S. uberis: r=0.61; P<0.05). Using anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies in vitro suggested the involving of the CD14 surface receptor in recognition of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages.

• MeSH
• antigeny CD14 imunologie   MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• fagocytóza imunologie   MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• mastitida skotu imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• neutrofily imunologie   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie veterinární   MeSH
• skot MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce imunologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus imunologie   MeSH
• Streptococcus imunologie   MeSH
• streptokokové infekce imunologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• transmisní elektronová mikroskopie veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny CD14 MeSH

Monoclonal antibody 2E12 was prepared by immunization of mice with cells of a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line MOLM-7. Human hematopoietic cell lines JURKAT, HPB-ALL, RC2A and MOLM-7 were induced to receptor mediated apoptosis by the treatment with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody 7C11 and subsequently tested for reactivity with 2E12 antibody in comparison to staining with annexin V-FITC and PI in the two-color immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. After 2, 5, 24, and 48 hours of induction, a gradual increase of the percentage of 2E12 positive cells in all cell lines was observed, which partially correlated with an increase of annexin V-FITC binding with a delay of about 12 hours. In the two- color fluorescence microscopy the 2E12 antibody positivity was restricted to the annexin V positive cells, but their number was lower. The binding of 2E12 did not induce apoptosis nor influenced the binding of annexin V. We suppose that the antibody 2E12 detects an antigen expressed on a subpopulation of cells in death. Therefore it can be useful as a new marker for further dissection between living, apoptotic and necrotic cellular populations in vitro.

• MeSH
• akutní lymfatická leukemie imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• antigeny nádorové imunologie   MeSH
• apoptóza imunologie   MeSH
• chronická myeloidní leukemie imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• Jurkat buňky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   MeSH
• nekróza MeSH
• protilátky nádorové * MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• T-lymfocyty MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny nádorové MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• protilátky nádorové * MeSH