The parallel course of the excretion rates of bromide and sodium ions was demonstrated in adult male and female rats administered simultaneously with potassium 82Br-bromide and 24Na-sodium chloride. The animals were exposed to various intakes of sodium ions accompanied with five different anions: Br-, Cl-, HCO3-, ClO4-, and SCN-. Regardless of the anion accompanying the sodium ion, the excretion rates of 82Br- and 24Na+ ions were proportional to the magnitude of sodium intake in the animals. Hence, we have proved our hypothesis that the biological half-life of bromide depends on the magnitude of sodium intake rather than on the intake of chloride.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   moč   MeSH
• chlorid sodný aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitan sodný aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• perchloráty aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioizotopy bromu MeSH
• radioizotopy sodíku MeSH
• sloučeniny draslíku aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• sodík aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   moč   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• chlorid sodný MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitan sodný MeSH
• perchloráty MeSH
• potassium bromide MeSH Prohlížeč
• radioizotopy bromu MeSH
• radioizotopy sodíku MeSH
• sloučeniny draslíku MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku MeSH
• sodík MeSH
• sodium perchlorate MeSH Prohlížeč

Effects of a high bromide intake in lactating rats on the performance of the dams and on the prosperity of their young were studied. In the dams, two marked consequences undoubtedly caused by high bromide intake were observed: stagnation in the extent of diet and water consumption in the course of the lactation period, and a conspicuous drop in the production rate of mother's milk. A very high intake of bromide in the mothers in the course of the nursing period (about 220 mg Br-/d per dam) also caused a marked decrease in the body weight increments in their suckling young. Only about one-half of these young survived and their general condition was very poor. It is suggested that one of the possible reasons for the observed marked decrease in the production of mother's milk in dams with high bromide intake could be a decreased stimulation of the mammary glands as a consequence of reduced consumption of mother's milk by the suckling. Bromide ions ingested by the dams easily moved into the rat milk. Via mother's milk, bromide was transferred in a large extent to the suckling. The amount of bromide in mother's milk depended on the bromide concentration in the drinking water taken by the dams. With the addition of 5 g bromide per liter (providing the mean daily bromide dose of 220 mg), bromide ions replaced about 54% of the chloride in the milk. A rise in the concentration of both halogens caused also an increase in the concentration of sodium in mother's milk. The exact mechanism(s) of bromide interference with postnatal developmental processes in the young remain(s) unclear.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   analýza   MeSH
• kojená zvířata MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• laktace účinky léků   MeSH
• matky MeSH
• mléko chemie   MeSH
• neutronová aktivační analýza MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku aplikace a dávkování   analýza   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku MeSH
• sodium bromide MeSH Prohlížeč

A significant impact of high bromide levels in the organism of the mother on iodine transfer to the sucklings was established in experiments with female Wistar rats. The observed decrease in iodine transfer to the young through mothers' milk and/or an increase in the bromide concentration in the milk, caused a decrease in body weight of the pups. Enhanced bromide levels also adversely affected the thyroid gland of the young. High bromide intake in the lactating dams caused a decrease in iodide accumulation in the mammary glands, and also an increase in iodide elimination through the kidneys.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy krev   MeSH
• jod farmakokinetika   MeSH
• kojená zvířata * MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• štítná žláza anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• velikost orgánu MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• hormony štítné žlázy MeSH
• jod MeSH

The effect of a high bromide intake on the kinetics of iodide uptake and elimination in the thyroid and skin of adult male rats was studied. In rats fed a diet with sufficient iodine supply (> 25 microg I/d), the iodide accumulation in the skin predominated during the first hours after 131I iodide application. From this organ, radioiodide was gradually transferred into the thyroid. A high bromide intake (> 150 mg Br-/d) in these animals led to a marked decrease in iodide accumulation, especially by the thyroid, because of an increase in iodide elimination both from the thyroid and from the skin. In rats kept under the conditions of iodine deficiency (< 1 micro I/d), the iodide accumulation in the thyroid, but not in the skin, was markedly increased as a result of a thyrotropic stimulation. The effect of a high bromide intake (> 100 mg Br-/d) in these animals was particularly pronounced because the rates of iodide elimination were most accelerated both from their thyroid and from their skin.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• jod aplikace a dávkování   nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kůže anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH
• štítná žláza anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• velikost orgánu účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• jod MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH

In experiments on rats, a significant influence of an extraordinarily high bromide intake on the whole-body biological half-life of iodine was established. Very high bromide intake (1) decreased the amount of radioiodide accumulated in the thyroid, (2) changed the proportion between the amount of iodine retained in the thyroid and the total amount of absorbed iodine, (3) significantly shortened the biological half-life of iodine in the thyroid from approximately 101 h to 33 h in animals maintained on an iodine-sufficient diet and from 92 h to about 30 h in rats fed a low-iodine diet, and (4) changed the time-course (added a further phase) of iodine elimination from the body. These changes were caused, with high probability, by an increase of iodine elimination by kidneys due to an excess of bromide. The overall picture of iodine elimination in animals fed the low-iodine diet was similar to that in animals maintained on iodine-sufficient diet.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• jod aplikace a dávkování   nedostatek   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• ledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH
• štítná žláza metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• jod MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH

The distribution of 82Br-bromide in 15 different organs and tissues of rats has been determined by high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry and by the scintillation counting technique at different times after the application of Na 82Br, either by subcutaneous injection or by continuous administration in the drinking water. The amount of 82Br-bromide in the various tissues reached its largest uptake within a few hours, and the concentration ratio of 82Br in the tissues to blood remained practically constant between 8 and 396 h after the application. The whole stomach of rats was the only organ of those investigated that had a larger uptake of 82Br than blood. Contrary to some previous findings, the concentration of radiobromide in the thyroid was found not to exceed that in the blood. A remarkably high concentration of 82Br was found in the skin, which represented, because of its large mass, the most abundant depot of bromide in the body of rats. The demonstrated excretion of bromide was mainly renal, at a rate of approximately 5% of the administered dose per 24 h.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   krev   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioizotopy bromu krev   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie MeSH
• tkáňová distribuce MeSH
• záření gama MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• radioizotopy bromu MeSH
• sloučeniny sodíku MeSH
• sodium bromide MeSH Prohlížeč

Male rats fed by a standard diet with determined of bromine and iodine content were exposed to a 133-day oral administration of KBr (100, 200, 400 mg Br-/l drinking water). Their thyroid glands showed increased growth of the epithelial cells reflected by a microfollicular rearrangement of the parenchyma due to proliferation of very small follicles with a low or zero content of colloid. Morphometric analysis of thyroids of Br(-)-exposed animals revealed a significant decrease in the volume of intrafollicular colloid and marked increase in the number of the smallest follicles (areas up to 100 and 100-300 micron 2). In addition, the nuclei of thyrocytes showed an increased number of mitoses. The vascularization was increased as well. In the blood plasma of the Br(-)-exposed animals the T4 concentration was significantly decreased in dependence on the bromine concentrations. Thyroglobulin immunoreactivity in the colloid of Br(-)-exposed animals decreased after administration of 400 mg Br-/l drinking water. Increasing concentrations of Br- in the drinking water caused an increased bromine concentration in the thyroid, a decreased iodine content and a decreased I/Br molar ratio. The changes in the rat thyroid caused by long-term administration of 100 mg Br-/l were similar to hyperplastic parenchymal goitre and were comparable to those induced in previous experiments by the same bromine concentration administered over a 16- and 66-day period respectively.

• MeSH
• aplikace orální MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• sloučeniny draslíku aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• štítná žláza chemie   účinky léků   patologie   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• thyreoglobulin chemie   MeSH
• thyreotropin krev   MeSH
• thyroxin krev   MeSH
• trijodthyronin krev   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• potassium bromide MeSH Prohlížeč
• sloučeniny draslíku MeSH
• thyreoglobulin MeSH
• thyreotropin MeSH
• thyroxin MeSH
• trijodthyronin MeSH

The increasing environmental concentration of bromine has resulted in attempts to obtain information on its possibly deleterious effect on humans, particularly on a major target organ of this halogen i.e. the thyroid gland. In order to establish the morphological and functional effects of bromine on the thyroid, we have performed experiments on male rats which, in addition to a standard diet with an estimated iodine/bromine content, were fed for periods of 16 and 66 days with the small quantities of bromide expected to be encountered in the environment (10, 50 and 100 mg of Br-/l in drinking water). This treatment induced growth of the follicular epithelial component and microfollicular tissue rearrangement, a reduction of intrafollicular colloid, an increase in the height of the follicular cells and the number of mitoses, and it enhanced vascularization. Image analysis revealed a significant reduction in the volume of colloid, despite the accompanying rise in the number of minute follicles. The immunohistochemical positivity of the thyroglobulin fell in the microfollicular colloid of the exposed animals, although this was affected to a lesser extent in the larger follicles. The concentration of bromine in the thyroid increased with the amount of bromine intake, while at the same time the molar ratio of iodine/bromine decreased. The plasma level of T4 was lowered after both 16 and 66 days of treatment, but the T3 level only after 66 days treatment. The level of TSH did not exhibit any significant change. The observed changes, which have a parenchymatous goitre-like character, may have a direct relevance for human medicine, since the concentrations of bromide chosen in these experiments are readily encountered in the environment.

• MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• buněčné dělení účinky léků   MeSH
• imunohistochemie metody   MeSH
• koloidy MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neutronová aktivační analýza metody   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioimunoanalýza metody   MeSH
• sloučeniny draslíku aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• štítná žláza cytologie   účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• thyreoglobulin analýza   MeSH
• vakuoly účinky léků   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zásobování vodou MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bromidy MeSH
• koloidy MeSH
• potassium bromide MeSH Prohlížeč
• sloučeniny draslíku MeSH
• thyreoglobulin MeSH

The time course of iodine excretion in adult male rats substantially differs from bromine excretion. Bromine is excreted at a single rate, whereas iodine evinces two excretion rates. Even a strong increase in bromide intake in experimental animals failed to affect the rate of iodine excretion but it lowered the fraction of iodine accumulated in the thyroid gland by 20% probably by affecting the transport of iodide into the thyroid gland.

• MeSH
• brom metabolismus   MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• celotělové počítání MeSH
• injekce subkutánní MeSH
• izotopové značení MeSH
• jod metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• poločas MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• radioisotopová scintigrafie MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH
• štítná žláza diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• brom MeSH
• bromidy MeSH
• jod MeSH
• radioizotopy jodu MeSH

In experiments with rats, we have found that at enhanced intake of bromide, bromine does not replace chlorine in the thyroid; it replaces iodine. Under our experimental conditions, more than one-third of the iodine content in the thyroid was replaced by bromine. In the thyroid, bromine probably remained in the form of bromide and, in proportional to its increased concentration, the production of iodinated thyronines decreased, with the sum of the iodine and bromine concentrations being constant at the value of 20.51 +/- 1.16 mumol/g dry wt of the thyroid. In contrast to other organs, the biological behavior of bromine in the thyroid is not similar to the biological behavior of chlorine but resembles more that of iodine.

• MeSH
• brom metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• bromidy aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• chlor metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• jod metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• štítná žláza metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• brom MeSH
• bromidy MeSH
• chlor MeSH
• jod MeSH