BACKGROUND: The study aimed to analyze the effect of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMT) on performance and respiratory function in professional road cyclists during the off-season period. METHODS: Twenty professional road cyclists from the Czech Republic were divided into the control (CON) (N.=10) and the RMT (N.=10) groups. Cyclists from the RMT group accomplished 30 sessions over 10 weeks. Performance in the incremental cycling test and respiratory capacity via test were assessed before and after 10 weeks in both groups. The comparison between and within the groups was performed, together with effect size and delta % (P<0.05). RESULTS: Significant effects on respiratory function during the exercise, on lung volume utilization at 90% of VO2max (TV-90%) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were found in RMT compared to the CON group, with a moderate effect size (0.71 and 0.61), and improvements of 13% and 14%, respectively. Parameters of performance in the cycling protocol and respiratory function at rest presented better values in the RMT group, however with no significance and in minor magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Using RMT during off-season benefits professional road cyclists by improving the major efficiency of respiratory function during progressive efforts. Therefore, the protocol of RMT could be used as an ergogenic aid during this period in order to maintain respiratory adaptations, optimizing the pre-season training. Adjustments can be made to improve the parameters outcomes.

• MeSH
• cyklistika fyziologie   MeSH
• dechová cvičení metody   MeSH
• dýchací svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• dýchání MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• vytrvalostní trénink * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: Sport climbing requires high-intensity finger flexor contractions, along with a substantial whole-body systemic oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2) contribution. Although fatigue is often localised to the finger flexors, the role of systemic ̇[Formula: see text]O2 and local aerobic mechanisms in climbing performance remains unclear. As such, the primary purpose of this study was to determine systemic and local muscle oxygen responses during both isolated finger flexion and incremental exhaustive whole-body climbing tests. The secondary aim was to determine the relationship of isolated and whole-body climbing endurance tests to climbing ability. METHODS: Twenty-two male sport climbers completed a series of isometric sustained and intermittent forearm flexor contractions, and an exhaustive climbing test with progressive steepening of the wall angle on a motorised climbing ergometer. Systemic [Formula: see text]O2 and flexor digitorum profundus oxygen saturation (StO2) were recorded using portable metabolic analyser and near-infra red spectroscopy, respectively. RESULTS: Muscle oxygenation breakpoint (MOB) was identifiable during an incremental exhaustive climbing test with progressive increases in angle (82 ± 8% and 88 ± 8% [Formula: see text]O2 and heart rate climbing peak). The peak angle from whole-body treadwall test and impulse from isolated hangboard endurance tests were interrelated (R2 = 0.58-0.64). Peak climbing angle together with mean [Formula: see text]O2 and StO2 from submaximal climbing explained 83% of variance in self-reported climbing ability. CONCLUSIONS: Both systemic and muscle oxygen kinetics determine climbing-specific endurance. Exhaustive climbing and isolated finger flexion endurance tests are interrelated and suitable to assess climbing-specific endurance. An exhaustive climbing test with progressive wall angle allows determination of the MOB.

• Klíčová slova
• Intermittent exercise, Isometric contraction, Muscle oxygen, NIRS, Threshold,
• MeSH
• blízká infračervená spektroskopie MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• horolezectví fyziologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prsty ruky fyziologie   MeSH
• síla ruky fyziologie   MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová kontrakce fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová únava fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study evaluates the anatomical profiles, jump, sprint, power outputs, endurance, and peak blood lactate levels ([LA]peak) of handball players of two age groups-U17 (n = 77) and U19 (n = 46)-and analyses the role of training in their physical abilities. Vertical jump performance was determined by counter movement jump (CMJ) and counter movement jump with free arms (CMJFA) tests. A running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) determined the relative power output (watts/kg body weight) and absolute power output (watts) of the players. Sprint performance over 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m distances was evaluated. An incremental shuttle run test (40 m) was designed to determine aerobic threshold (AeT), anaerobic threshold (AnT), and [LA]peak. All parameters were measured for pivots, wingers, backs, and goalkeepers of each group. The U19 players were significantly heavier than the U17 group, but both the groups were nearly equal in height. The U19 group jumped higher than the U17 members, although the only significant difference (p = 0.032) was observed between the wingers of the groups in CMJ. Sprint performance varied marginally between the groups and only U19 pivots were found to be significantly (for distances of 5, 10, and 30 m: p = 0.047, p = 0.018, and p = 0.021, respectively) faster than U17 pivots. No difference in relative power output between the groups was noted, although the U19 players recorded higher absolute power outputs. Maximal velocity and velocities at the AeT and AnT were almost similar in the groups. Distance covered by the groups at the intensities of AeT and AnT varied only little. Higher [LA]peak was observed in the U19 players. U19 players failed to convert their superior power into speed and jump. The training pattern of the handball players needs to be revised so that U19 players may develop faster and be more enduring than the U17 group.

• Klíčová slova
• aerobic threshold, anaerobic threshold, jump tests, peak blood lactate, power output,
• MeSH
• anaerobní práh MeSH
• basketbal fyziologie   MeSH
• běh fyziologie   MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• kyselina mléčná krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pohyb MeSH
• školy MeSH
• sportovní výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyselina mléčná MeSH

Michalickova, D, Minic, R, Kotur-Stevuljevic, J, Andjelkovic, M, Dikic, N, Kostic-Vucicevic, M, Slanar, O, and Djordjevic, B. Changes in parameters of oxidative stress, immunity, and behavior in endurance athletes during a preparation period in winter. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2965-2973, 2020-The current study monitored markers of immunological and oxidative status in 9 male elite endurance athletes: V[Combining Dot Above]O2max: 68 ± 11 ml·kg·min, age: 24 ± 2.5 years, and training loads: 128 ± 21 metabolic equivalents-h·wk during a 3-month preparation period in winter (January-March). Self-rated state of moods evaluation (by Profile of Mood States questionnaire) was performed, and blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study. Spectrophotometric methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for parameters' determination. The level of concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was increased (562 [147-852] vs. 1,097 [451-1842] pg·ml, p = 0.013). Also, the level of transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-β1) in serum was elevated (2.5 [1.4-5.1] vs. 7.2 [4.9-8.2] ng·ml, p = 0.015). There was no change in the level of peptidoglycan (PGN)-stimulated interleukin (IL)-10 from PBMCs. There were no significant changes in PBMCs proliferation/viability on stimulation with ConA and PGN during the study. No changes in superoxide dismutase, prooxidative-antioxidative balance, total oxidant status (TOS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were observed along the study. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was increased (910 ± 174 vs. 1,090 ± 102 μmol·L, p = 0.018), and activity of paraoxonase (PON1) was decreased (523 ± 295 vs. 335 ± 183 U·L, p = 0.003) at the end of the study. Advanced oxidation protein products were increased (25 ± 7.9 vs. 42 ± 7.6 μmol·L, p = 0.011). The self-rated sense of vigor significantly declined (20 ± 2.1 vs. 14 ± 3.4, p = 0.045). In conclusion, 3 months of regular training in winter induced prominent changes in cytokines, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and antioxidative enzyme activity. These changes might increase susceptibility of athletes to disease and muscle damage and consequently lead to performance reduction.

• MeSH
• afekt fyziologie   MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost imunologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• leukocyty mononukleární metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• metabolický ekvivalent fyziologie   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• oxidace-redukce MeSH
• oxidační stres fyziologie   MeSH
• sportovci * MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH

(1) Background: The influence of ketogenic diet on physical fitness remains controversial. We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the effect of cyclical ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs. nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) on body composition, muscle strength, and endurance performance. (2) Methods: 25 healthy young males undergoing regular resistance training combined with aerobic training were randomized to CKD (n = 13) or RD (n = 12). Body composition, muscle strength and spiroergometric parameters were measured at baseline and after eight weeks of intervention. (3) Results: Both CKD and RD decreased body weight, body fat, and BMI. Lean body mass and body water decreased in CKD and did not significantly change in RD group. Muscle strength parameters were not affected in CKD while in RD group lat pull-down and leg press values increased. Similarly, endurance performance was not changed in CKD group while in RD group peak workload and peak oxygen uptake increased. (4) Conclusions: Our data show that in healthy young males undergoing resistance and aerobic training comparable weight reduction were achieved by CKD and RD. In RD group; improved muscle strength and endurance performance was noted relative to neutral effect of CKD that also slightly reduced lean body mass.

• Klíčová slova
• body composition, endurance, ketogenic diet, strength parameters, training,
• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• ketogenní dieta metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• odporový trénink MeSH
• redukční dieta metody   MeSH
• složení těla fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová síla fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Minimizing the energy required for breathing muscles is based on the adaptation of the respiratory muscles which is reflected in the reduction of breathing frequency (BF) and tidal volume (VT) increase. This may be influenced through a targeted BE and the quality of breathing may be linked to endurance performance. Aim of this study was assess dynamic ventilation parameters at different load intensities and their changes due to the systematic breathing exercise (BE). METHODS: Study recruit 36 runners of both sexes with a mean age 16.8±1.6 years. A random distribution was performed. The intervention program consisted of a set of BE aimed at the activation of the diaphragm. We monitored the dynamics of ventilation parameters at intensities 2, 3, 4 W/kg during a stepped test on a bicycle ergometer. RESULTS: The BE was focused on the activation of the diaphragm for a 12.2±3.6 minutes per day, sixteen weeks. After eight weeks, there were significant changes in VT and BF (P<0.05). After sixteen weeks there was a significant increase in VT of 5.7-18.3% (P<0.01), depending on the load level, BF values decreased significantly by 5.4-14.4% (P<0.01). VE and VO2 values were without changes. There were no significant changes in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that the two-month BE intervention focused on the activation of the diaphragm is sufficient and resulted in a significant change in the values of dynamic ventilation parameters. After four months of intervention, the changes are significantly greater compared with values found after a two-month intervention period.

• MeSH
• běh fyziologie   MeSH
• bránice fyziologie   MeSH
• dechová cvičení metody   MeSH
• dechový objem MeSH
• dýchací svaly fyziologie   MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The study investigated whether changes in body surface temperature in a sprint interval testing protocol (SITP) correlated with aerobic capacity in cyclists. The study involved 21 well-trained cyclists. Maximal aerobic power and maximal oxygen uptake relative to lean body mass (LBM-P(max) and LBM-VO(2max), respectively) were determined by incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. SITP was administered 48 hours later and involved four 30-s maximal sprints interspersed with 90-s active recovery. Body surface temperature was recorded at the temple and arm and the delta difference between baseline temperature and temperature measured immediately after the first sprint (DeltaTt(1) and DeltaTa(1), respectively) and 80 seconds after the fourth sprint (DeltaTt(4) and DeltaTa(4)), respectively) was calculated. Significant correlations were found between DeltaTt4 and LBM-Pmax and LBM-VO(2max) (r=0.63 and r=0.75, respectively) with no significant change in DeltaTa(1) or DeltaTa(4). Body surface temperature, measured at the temple region, can be used to indirectly assess aerobic capacity during maximal sprint exercise.

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• cyklistika fyziologie   MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie kůže * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná teplota fyziologie   MeSH
• tolerance zátěže fyziologie   MeSH
• zátěžový test metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is defined as a plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/L during or after endurance and ultra-endurance performance and was first described by Timothy Noakes when observed in ultra-marathoners competing in the Comrades Marathon in South Africa in the mid-1980s. It is well-established that a decrease in plasma sodium concentration <135 mmol/L occurs with excessive fluid intake. Clinically, a mild hyponatremia will lead to no or very unspecific symptoms. A pronounced hyponatremia (<120 mmol/L) will lead to central nervous symptoms due to cerebral edema, and respiratory failure can lead to death when plasma sodium concentration reaches values of <110-115 mmol/L. The objective of this narrative review is to present new findings about the aspects of sex, race location, sports discipline, and length of performance. The prevalence of EAH depends on the duration of an endurance performance (i.e., low in marathon running, high to very high in ultra-marathon running), the sports discipline (i.e., rather rare in cycling, more frequent in running and triathlon, and very frequent in swimming), sex (i.e., increased in women with several reported deaths), the ambient temperature (i.e., very high in hot temperatures) and the country where competition takes place (i.e., very common in the USA, very little in Europe, practically never in Africa, Asia, and Oceania). A possible explanation for the increased prevalence of EAH in women could be the so-called Varon-Ayus syndrome with severe hyponatremia, lung and cerebral edema, which was first observed in marathon runners. Regarding the race location, races in Europe seemed to be held under rather moderate conditions whereas races held in the USA were often performed under thermally stressing conditions (i.e., greater heat or greater cold).

• Klíčová slova
• cerebral edema, cold, cycling, heat, prolonged exercise, running, swimming,
• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• hyponatremie etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rasové skupiny statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální faktory * MeSH
• sodík analýza   krev   MeSH
• sporty fyziologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• vodní a elektrolytová rovnováha fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• sodík MeSH

BACKGROUND: The performance of the respiratory system during the exercise is limiting the final performance in endurance disciplines. The quality of breathing is linked to endurance performance, subject´s training state, intensity and duration of the physical load, the implementation of which, thus the economy of breathing, is possible to influence through a targeted breathing exercise. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of breathing intervention exercises on the effectiveness of breathing by monitoring value of tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (BF) during an endurance type load in adolescent endurance runners. METHODS: Thirty-seven 37 adolescent endurance runners were enrolled in this study. The girls were 16.79±1.51 years old, the boys were 16.5±1.8 years old. They are involved in endurance training for at least one year. Twenty-one probands took part in the intervention scheme; sixteen probands formed the control group. The study investigated the effect of two months and four months of breathing exercise intervention on tidal volume VT and BF. RESULTS: The probands carried out breathing exercises, which took an average of 13.1±3.7 minutes per day over the first two months, and an average of 11.1±3.9 minutes per day over the next two months. The breathing economy was significantly changed as a result of respiratory exercise intervention. Already after 2 months of intervention there was a significant decrease of BF (by 5.92%) and a significant increase of VT (by 4.44%). After another 2 months, the changes were even more pronounced. In the 4 months of the intervention, the BF decreased by 11.47% and the VT increased by 10.96% in comparison to the original state. In the control group, there were no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that the two-month breathing exercise intervention focused on the activation of the diaphragm is sufficient and resulted in significant changes of in VT and BF.

• MeSH
• běh fyziologie   MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dechová cvičení metody   MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• plíce fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) has been proposed to help guide therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is important to understand the distribution of scores in different COPD populations and their determinants. METHODS: The POPE study is an international, observational cross-sectional study of COPD subjects in 11 Central and Eastern European countries aimed at characterizing COPD phenotypes. Here we report the analysis of CAT scores with the objective of identifying their determinants, evaluating symptom load and investigating the distribution of scores among the participating countries. Additionally, we investigated the discrepancies between the CAT and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores when used to classify patients according to the GOLD strategy. RESULTS: The study included 3452 patients (69.2% men, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1% predicted) 52.5%). The mean CAT score was 17.5 (SD = 7.8), ranging from 15.1 in Hungary to 21.2 in Bulgaria. Multiple linear regression analysis showed six variables significantly associated with CAT scores: depression, number of previous exacerbations, 6-min walking distance, FEV1(%), mMRC and country and explained 47.2% of the variance of CAT. According to either CAT or mMRC, up to 23.9% patients would be classified in different GOLD groups. CONCLUSIONS: The CAT score may be predicted by factors related to COPD severity, depression and exercise capacity, with significant differences in the distribution of CAT scores in different countries. According to our results CAT >10 is not equivalent to mMRC >2 for assessing symptom burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02119494.

• Klíčová slova
• CAT, COPD, Comorbidities, GOLD classification, mMRC,
• MeSH
• chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc diagnóza   epidemiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• deprese epidemiologie   MeSH
• fyzická vytrvalost fyziologie   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• respirační funkční testy metody   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• test chůzí metody   MeSH
• určení symptomu metody   MeSH
• usilovný výdechový objem fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bulharsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Maďarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• východní Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH