As stated by Korpáš and Tomori (1979), cough is the most important airway protective reflex which provides airway defensive responses to nociceptive stimuli. They recognized that active expiratory efforts, due to the activation of caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) expiratory premotoneurons, are the prominent component of coughs. Here, we discuss data suggesting that neurons located in the cVRG have an essential role in the generation of both the inspiratory and expiratory components of the cough reflex. Some lines of evidence indicate that cVRG expiratory neurons, when strongly activated, may subserve the alternation of inspiratory and expiratory cough bursts, possibly owing to the presence of axon collaterals. Of note, experimental findings such as blockade or impairment of glutamatergic transmission to the cVRG neurons lead to the view that neurons located in the cVRG are crucial for the production of the complete cough motor pattern. The involvement of bulbospinal expiratory neurons seems unlikely since their activation affects differentially expiratory and inspiratory muscles, while their blockade does not affect baseline inspiratory activity. Thus, other types of cVRG neurons with their medullary projections should have a role and possibly contribute to the fine tuning of the intensity of inspiratory and expiratory efforts.

• MeSH
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kašel patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mechanika dýchání účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• medulla oblongata účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• mikroinjekce metody   MeSH
• nadechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nervus phrenicus účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• neurony účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• reflex účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vydechnutí účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 6-kyano-7-nitrochinoxalin-2,3-dion MeSH
• antagonisté excitačních aminokyselin MeSH

A persistent, chronic dry cough is the most common adverse effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors therapy. The mechanism of this respiratory adverse effect is related to the inhibition of ACE and the accumulation of bradykinin, substance P, prostanoids and other inflammatory neuropeptides in the airways. The aim of this study was to follow the relationship between 15-day administration of enalapril and the defense reflexes (cough and bronchoconstriction) of the airways in experimental animals, as well as the possibility of their pharmacological restriction with simultaneous diltiazem administration. Cough reflex was investigated by the method of mechanical irritation of laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial area in non-anesthetized cats. The reactivity of tracheal smooth muscles of the airways to bronchoconstrictor mediators (histamine 10 nM - 1 mM, acetylcholine 10 nM - 1 mM and KCl 1 mM - 100 mM) was evaluated by an in vitro method in guinea pigs. Enalapril 5 mg/kg/day and diltiazem 30 mg/kg/day were administered perorally for 15 days. The results showed that long-lasting administration of enalapril resulted in a significant increase of measured cough parameters and increased reactivity of tracheal smooth muscle to histamine and KCl. Simultaneous administration of enalapril together with diltiazem significantly decreased the enalapril induced cough, and decreased enalapril induced hyperreactivity of tracheal smooth muscles to KCl. The results showed a partially protective effect of diltiazem and enalapril co-administration on the respiratory adverse effects induced by enalapril therapy.

• MeSH
• blokátory kalciových kanálů aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• bronchokonstrikce účinky léků   MeSH
• diltiazem aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• enalapril aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• kašel chemicky indukované   diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• morčata MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• svaly hladké cévní účinky léků   MeSH
• vazodilatancia aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• morčata MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• blokátory kalciových kanálů MeSH
• diltiazem MeSH
• enalapril MeSH
• fixní kombinace léků MeSH
• vazodilatancia MeSH

• MeSH
• antitusika farmakologie   MeSH
• arbutin farmakologie   MeSH
• kašel patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• propylenglykoly farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitusika MeSH
• arbutin MeSH
• dipropizine MeSH Prohlížeč
• propylenglykoly MeSH