Complex structure of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. exopolysaccharide (EPS), with apparent molecular weight 214 × 103 g/mol, can be deduced from its composition. Chemical and NMR analyses found four dominant sugar monomers, namely (1 → 4)-linked α-l-arabinopyranose, β-d-glucopyranose, β-d-xylopyranose and (1 → 3)-linked β-d-mannopyranose, two different uronic acids and a lactyl group, with (1 → 4,6)-linked β-d-glucopyranose as the only branch point suggest a complex structure of this polymer. The dominant uronic acid is α-linked, but it remained unidentified. β-d-Glucuronic acid was present in lower amount. Their position as well as that of lactyl remained undetermined too. Different doses of orally administered EPS in guinea pigs evoked a significant decrease in cough effort and a decrease in airway reactivity. The antitussive efficacy and bronchodilator effect of higher doses of EPS were found to be similar to that of the antitussive drug codeine and the antiasthmatic salbutamol. Without significant cytotoxicity on the RAW 264.7 cells, EPS stimulated the macrophage cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO) via induction of COX-2 and iNOS expression, respectively, suggesting that this biopolymer potentiates an early innate immune response and can therefore be used as a new immune modulator.

• Klíčová slova
• Biological activities, Cyanobacteria, Extracellular polysaccharide,
• MeSH
• albuterol farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální polysacharidy chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• biopolymery chemie   MeSH
• bronchodilatancia farmakologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• interleukin-6 metabolismus   MeSH
• kašel farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová chemie   MeSH
• kyseliny uronové chemie   MeSH
• makrofágy účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• morčata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• Nostoc metabolismus   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• RAW 264.7 buňky MeSH
• sinice metabolismus   MeSH
• TNF-alfa metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• morčata MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• albuterol MeSH
• bakteriální polysacharidy MeSH
• biopolymery MeSH
• bronchodilatancia MeSH
• cytokiny MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• kodein MeSH
• kyselina glukuronová MeSH
• kyseliny uronové MeSH
• oxid dusnatý MeSH
• TNF-alfa MeSH

The authors studied relationship between the antitussic and analgesic activity of substances. The antitussic effect of codeine, tilidine, tramadol and pentazocine has been studied in nonanesthetized healthy cats. The drugs except tilidine, were administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Tilidine was administered intramuscularly in the same dose. Cough induced in nonanesthetized cats by mechanical irritation of laryngopharyngeal and tracheobronchial areas was evaluated by changes of the lateral tracheal pressure. A significant decrease of the subsequent cough parameters was observed after the application of codeine, tilidine, tramadol and pentazocine. Naloxone given 5 min before the application of the drug has not prevented the cough-suppressing effect due to codeine. Naloxone alone administered in a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight has not significantly influenced the experimentally-induced cough reflex in nonanesthetized cats.

• MeSH
• analgetika farmakologie   MeSH
• analgezie MeSH
• antitusika farmakologie   MeSH
• kašel chemicky indukované   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kodein aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• naloxon farmakologie   MeSH
• pentazocin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• tilidin aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• tramadol aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• analgetika MeSH
• antitusika MeSH
• kodein MeSH
• naloxon MeSH
• pentazocin MeSH
• tilidin MeSH
• tramadol MeSH

The influences of the antitussive activity of glaucine were studied in 56 non-anaesthetized cats under normal and pathological conditions. Cough was induced by mechanical stimulation of the airways with a nylon fibre. The authors found that if glaucine was administered at a dose of 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg b.w., i.p., it evoked statistically significant suppression on single cough components. After inflammation of the airways was induced with unsoluted croton oil, no decrease in antitussive activity of glaucine could be observed, according to the number of cough efforts, frequency, intensity of maximal cough effort, and intensity of cough attack during expiration. Glaucine used under such conditions was not found to be powerful enough to suppress either the intensity of maximal cough effort or the intensity of cough attack during inspiration. The antitussive effect of glaucine was stronger under pathological conditions (Staphylococcus-induced inflammation). The antitussive effect of glaucine was approximately the same as with codeine if administered in equal doses.

• MeSH
• antitusika farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aporfiny farmakologie   MeSH
• hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• kašel farmakoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce komplikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitusika MeSH
• aporfiny MeSH
• glaucine MeSH Prohlížeč
• kodein MeSH

The antitussive activity of gabalinoleamide (Gabalid U CB) was studied in 40 non-anaesthetized cats. The antitussive action of the substance was compared to that of codeine (Codein Spofa). Cough was induced by mechanical stimulation using a chronic tracheal cannula. Single cough parameters were evaluated from changes in the side tracheal pressure. When gabalinoleamide was administered in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. intramuscularly all the studied parameters of cough showed a statistically significant decrease, only the intensity of maximum cough effort remained unaffected. Gabalinoleamide administered in the same dose induced a statistically significant decrease of respiratory frequency and breathing amplitude, and prolonged the cycle of breathing by delaying the expiratory phase. Higher doses (200 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) did not have an increased cough suppressing effect. The quality and quantity of cough parameters were similar after codeine and gabalinoleamide.

• MeSH
• antitusika * MeSH
• dýchání účinky léků   MeSH
• GABA analogy a deriváty   farmakologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• receptory GABA-A fyziologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitusika * MeSH
• GABA MeSH
• gabalid MeSH Prohlížeč
• kodein MeSH
• receptory GABA-A MeSH

• MeSH
• dýchání * MeSH
• hlasové řasy fyziologie   MeSH
• kašel patofyziologie   MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• mechanoreceptory fyziologie   MeSH
• pleura fyziologie   MeSH
• reflex * účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kodein MeSH

• MeSH
• antitusika aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• dýchání účinky léků   MeSH
• evokované potenciály MeSH
• farynx účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• kodein aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nadechnutí účinky léků   MeSH
• reflex účinky léků   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitusika MeSH
• kodein MeSH

• MeSH
• hypofýza účinky léků   MeSH
• izotopy jodu MeSH
• kodein farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• nadledviny účinky léků   MeSH
• semenné váčky účinky léků   MeSH
• štítná žláza účinky léků   MeSH
• testis účinky léků   MeSH
• thiouracil farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• izotopy jodu MeSH
• kodein MeSH
• thiouracil MeSH