The aging of human populations, including those in Europe, is an indisputable fact. The challenge for the future is not simply prolonging human life at any cost or by any means but rather extending self-sufficiency and quality of life. Even in the most advanced societies, the eternal questions remain. Who will take care of the older generations? Will adult children's own circumstances be sufficient to support family members as they age? For a range of complex reasons, including socioeconomic conditions, adult children are often unable or unwilling to assume responsibility for the care of older family members. For this reason, it is imperative that aging adults maintain their independence and self-care for as long as possible. Movement is an important part of self-sufficiency. Moreover, movement has been shown to improve patients' clinical status. At a time when the coronavirus pandemic is disrupting the world, older people are among the most vulnerable. Our paper explores current knowledge and offers insights into the significant benefits of movement for the elderly, including improved immunity. We discuss the biochemical processes of aging and the counteractive effects of exercise and endogenous substances, such as vitamin D.

• Klíčová slova
• COVID-19, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), exercises, geroscience, immunity, irisin, stress, vitamin D,
• MeSH
• COVID-19 imunologie   patologie   virologie   MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor metabolismus   MeSH
• obezita patologie   MeSH
• psychický stres MeSH
• sarkopenie patologie   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• stárnutí * MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

Purpose: A growing number of studies indicate the importance of vitamin D supplementation for sports performance. However, the effects of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on ultramarathon-induced inflammation have not been investigated. We here analyzed the effect of a single high-dose vitamin D supplementation on the inflammatory marker levels in ultramarathon runners after an ultramarathon run (maximal run 240 km). Methods: In the study, 35 runners (amateurs) were assigned into two groups: single high-dose vitamin D supplementation group, administered vitamin D (150,000 IU) in vegetable oil 24 h before the start of the run (n = 16); and placebo group (n = 19). Blood was collected for analysis 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 h after the run. Results: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly increased after the ultramarathon in both groups. The increase was greater in the vitamin D group than in the control group. Based on post-hoc and other analyses, the increase in interleukin 6 and 10, and resistin levels immediately after the run was significantly higher in runners in the control group than that in those in the supplementation group. Leptin, oncostatin M, and metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor levels were significantly decreased in both groups after the run, regardless of the supplementation. Conclusions: Ultramarathon significantly increases the serum 25(OH)D levels. Attenuation of changes in interleukin levels upon vitamin D supplementation confirmed that vitamin D has anti-inflammatory effect on exercise-induced inflammation.

• Klíčová slova
• IL-6, inflammation, resistin, skeletal muscle damage, ultramarathon, vitamin D,
• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace imunologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• maratonský běh fyziologie   MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• sportovní výkon fyziologie   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• zánět diagnóza   dietoterapie   imunologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

In our study, we focused on possible effects of supplementation with glucan and vitamin D on total numbers of NK cells in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated possible relations among nutritional state (BMI), leptin levels, and total numbers of NK cells in patients supplemented with (1) glucan and vitamin D, (2) vitamin D and placebo, and (3) vitamin D alone. Our results show that 3 months of supplementation with both glucan and vitamin D resulted in significant improvements of NK cell numbers. In addition, we found statistically significant correlation between NK cell numbers and leptin levels. Based on these results, we propose that the molecule responsible for these changes is glucan, as vitamin D alone or together with placebo caused no effects.

• MeSH
• beta-glukany aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• buňky NK cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• imunomodulace MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet lymfocytů MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-glukany MeSH
• leptin MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential effects of beta-glucan and vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated the levels of several parameters of inflammatory reactions (C-reactive protein [CRP], serum amyloid A [SAA], and interleukin- [IL-] 6), leptin, and vitamin D. Using a 3-month interval, we divided the patients into three groups: (1) supplemented with beta-glucan and vitamin D, (2) supplemented with vitamin D and placebo, and (3) supplemented with vitamin D alone. By this division, we aim not only to observe whether beta-glucan can increase the effects of vitamin D, but also to eliminate the potential effects of placebo. The doses of vitamin D corresponded to phototype, weight, age, and sex of the individual. Fifty-two diabetic retinopathy patients were selected for our study. We found significant vitamin D deficits in all cases, even after three months of supplementation with vitamin D. Significant changes in levels of CRP were observed in the beta-glucan-supplemented group; levels of SAA and IL-6 were not changed. Leptin levels were significantly lowered in the beta-glucan-supplemented group and increased in the other groups. More detailed studies and/or longer supplementation is necessary.

• Klíčová slova
• CRP, IL-6, beta-glucan, leptin, vitamin D,
• MeSH
• beta-glukany aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein analýza   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• interleukin-6 krev   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D komplikace   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• placeba MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sérový amyloid A analýza   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• zánět farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-glukany MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein MeSH
• interleukin-6 MeSH
• leptin MeSH
• placeba MeSH
• sérový amyloid A MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <50 nmol/L or 20 ng/mL) is common in Europe and the Middle East. It occurs in <20% of the population in Northern Europe, in 30-60% in Western, Southern and Eastern Europe and up to 80% in Middle East countries. Severe deficiency (serum 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L or 12 ng/mL) is found in >10% of Europeans. The European Calcified Tissue Society (ECTS) advises that the measurement of serum 25(OH)D be standardized, for example, by the Vitamin D Standardization Program. Risk groups include young children, adolescents, pregnant women, older people (especially the institutionalized) and non-Western immigrants. Consequences of vitamin D deficiency include mineralization defects and lower bone mineral density causing fractures. Extra-skeletal consequences may be muscle weakness, falls and acute respiratory infection, and are the subject of large ongoing clinical trials. The ECTS advises to improve vitamin D status by food fortification and the use of vitamin D supplements in risk groups. Fortification of foods by adding vitamin D to dairy products, bread and cereals can improve the vitamin D status of the whole population, but quality assurance monitoring is needed to prevent intoxication. Specific risk groups such as infants and children up to 3 years, pregnant women, older persons and non-Western immigrants should routinely receive vitamin D supplements. Future research should include genetic studies to better define individual vulnerability for vitamin D deficiency, and Mendelian randomization studies to address the effect of vitamin D deficiency on long-term non-skeletal outcomes such as cancer.

• MeSH
• kalcinóza krev   epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D krev   epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• společnosti lékařské normy   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   analogy a deriváty   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Střední východ epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 25-hydroxyvitamin D MeSH Prohlížeč
• vitamin D MeSH

Resistance to vitamin D has been known for decades as vitamin D resistant rickets, caused by mutations of the gene encoding for vitamin D receptor (VDR). Findings of extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D and learning of the molecular mechanisms used by its biologically active metabolite calcitriol revealed other ways leading to its impaired sensitivity. Calcitriol takes advantage of both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms through its binding to vitamin D receptor, located not only in the cell nuclei but also in a perinuclear space. On the genomic level the complex of calcitriol bound to VDR binds to the DNA responsive elements of the controlled gene in concert with another nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor, and expression of the VDR itself is controlled by its own ligand. These elements were found not only in the promotor region, but are scattered over the gene DNA. The gene expression includes a number of nuclear transcription factors which interact with the responsive elements and with each other and learning how they operate would further contribute to revealing causes of the impaired vitamin D sensitivity. Finally, the examples of major disorders are provided, associated with impairment of the vitamin D function and its receptor.

• MeSH
• kalcitriol genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D farmakoterapie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kalcitriol MeSH
• receptory kalcitriolu MeSH
• VDR protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• vitamin D MeSH

The usual dietary intake of vitamin D was studied in 10 subgroups of the Czech population. Food consumption data was collected using repeated 24 h recall in a national cross-sectional survey (the Study of Individual Food Consumption, SISP04), and the vitamin D content in marketed foods was quantified within the national Total Diet Study (2014⁻2015). The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment computational model (version MCRA 8.2) was used to assess usual intake. The median vitamin D intakes for the Czech population (aged 4⁻90 years, both genders) were within a range of 2.5⁻5.1 μg/day. The highest median intake, excluding dietary supplements, was observed in men aged 18⁻64, and the lowest was observed in children aged 4⁻6 and girls aged 11⁻17. The main sources in the diet were hen eggs (21⁻28% of usual dietary intake), fine bakery wares (11⁻19%), cow's milk and dairy products (7⁻23%), meat and meat products (4⁻12%), fish (6⁻20%), and margarines (7⁻18%). The dietary intake of vitamin D for more than 95% of the Czech population was below the recommended Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). These findings should encourage public health authorities to support interventions and education and implement new regulatory measures for improving intake.

• Klíčová slova
• Czech population, dietary intake, dietary sources, micronutrient adequacy, total diet study, vitamin D,
• MeSH
• dieta - přehledy MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• dietní záznamy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení stavu výživy MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skot MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• výživové doporučené dávky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• vitamin D MeSH

In women with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and vitamin D deficiency we have found reference levels of relevant metabolic-hormonal parameters except for parathormone and total calcium. Three months supplementation with vitamin D (4300 IU/day, cholekalciferol) did not lead to significant changes of investigated hormonal parameters, while the levels of parathormone and calcium reached normal levels. However, a correlation analysis revealed marked changes in mutual relations. First, an inverse correlation of vitamin D with parathormone, insulin secretion (C peptide, insulin) and its efficiency (HOMA IR) disappeared. Relationships of vitamin D to hepatic insulin resistance (insulin/C peptide), to DHEA (both negative), and to DHEAS/DHEA ratio (positive) were newly found. Second, a positive correlation of CRP with insulin secretion remained, while its relation to insulin efficiency (HOMA IR, insulin/C peptide) was newly observed. Analogical positive correlations appeared also among anti TPO and insulinemia, insulin/C peptide, HOMA IR, and anti Tg to C peptide. A relationship of the CRP with anti TPO became significant (+). Third, out of glucose metabolism parameters only insulin/C peptide and glycemia did not correlate with vitamin D during its deficiency, while after supplementation insulin/C peptide alone correlated positively with both DHEAS and DHEA, and negatively with vitamin D.

• MeSH
• autoimunitní tyreoiditida krev   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• krevní glukóza účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D krev   farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• potravní doplňky MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• krevní glukóza MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

In this review the authors outline traditional antiresorptive pharmaceuticals, such as bisphosphonates, monoclonal antibodies against RANKL, SERMs, as well as a drug with an anabolic effect on the skeleton, parathormone. However, there is also a focus on non-traditional strategies used in therapy for osteolytic diseases. The newest antiosteoporotic pharmaceuticals increase osteoblast differentiation via BMP signaling (harmine), or stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through Wnt/beta-catenin (icarrin, isoflavonoid caviunin, or sulfasalazine). A certain promise in the treatment of osteoporosis is shown by molecules targeting non-coding microRNAs (which are critical for osteoclastogenesis) or those stimulating osteoblast activity via epigenetic mechanisms. Vitamin D metabolites have specific antiosteoporotic potencies, modulating the skeleton not only via mineralization, but markedly also through the direct effects on the bone microstructure.

• MeSH
• bisfosfonáty aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• kostní denzita účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• osteogeneze účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• osteoporóza farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• remodelace kosti účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bisfosfonáty MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a characteristic skin lesion on skin areas of subjects with mainly phototype I and phototype II, or with specific genetic factors and who are exposed to prolonged ultraviolet radiation. AK may be considered a precursor of in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a type of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, it is still not possible to predict which AK lesions will develop into SCC. Early treatment of AK is therefore recommended. Despite the increasing number of patients with AK developing into SCC, to date, there is still no clear suggestion of therapeutic strategy for AK. Current treatment consists of a multitude of topical lesion-directed or field-directed therapies or a combination of both. Recently, orally administered nicotinamide has shown to significantly reduce rates of new NMSC and AK in high-risk patients. This study aims to provide an update on the most relevant information about AK and to provide an insight into current and new treatment options.

• MeSH
• aktinická keratóza farmakoterapie   patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory kůže patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• niacinamid farmakologie   MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom patologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• ultrafialové záření MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• niacinamid MeSH
• vitamin D MeSH