Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens causing infections is one of the biggest challenges in medicine. Timely identification of causative agents and their antimicrobial resistance profile can significantly improve the management of infection, lower costs for healthcare, mitigate ever-growing antimicrobial resistance and in many cases, save lives. Raman spectroscopy was shown to be a useful-quick, non-invasive, and non-destructive -tool for identifying microbes from solid and liquid media. Modifications of Raman spectroscopy and/or pretreatment of samples allow single-cell analyses and identification of microbes from various samples. It was shown that those non-culture-based approaches could also detect antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, recent studies suggest that a combination of Raman spectroscopy with optical tweezers has the potential to identify microbes directly from human body fluids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in non-culture-based approaches of identification of microbes and their virulence factors, including antimicrobial resistance, using methods based on Raman spectroscopy in the context of possible use in the future point-of-care diagnostic process.

• Keywords
• Raman spectroscopy, Raman tweezers, antimicrobial resistance, diagnostics, identification of microorganisms, magnetic beads, microfluidic devices,
• MeSH
• Single-Cell Analysis MeSH
• Anti-Infective Agents * MeSH
• Virulence Factors MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Spectrum Analysis, Raman * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Anti-Infective Agents * MeSH
• Virulence Factors MeSH

Medicinal plants have been studied for potential endophytic interactions and numerous studies have provided evidence that seeds harbor diverse microbial communities, not only on their surfaces but also within the embryo. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is known as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders and cancer. Therefore, in this study, 20 types of medicinal plant seeds were used to screen endophytic fungi with tissue homogenate and streak. In addition, 128 morphologically distinct endophyte strains were isolated and their ADA inhibitory activity determined by a spectrophotometric assay. The strain with the highest inhibitory activity was identified as Cochliobolus sp. Seven compounds were isolated from the strain using a chromatography method. Compound 3 showed the highest ADA inhibitory activity and was identified as 5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-4H-pyran-4-one, based on the results of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of molecular docking suggested that compound 3 binds to the active site and the nonspecific binding site of the ADA. Furthermore, we found that compound 3 is a mixed ADA inhibitor. These results indicate that endophytic strains are a promising source of ADA inhibitors and that compound 3 may be a superior source for use in the preparation of biologically active ADA inhibitor compounds used to treat cancer.

• Keywords
• ADA inhibitors, Molecular docking, Seed endophytes,
• MeSH
• Adenosine Deaminase chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Ascomycota chemistry   classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Endophytes chemistry   classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Plants, Medicinal microbiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy MeSH
• Neoplasms drug therapy   enzymology   MeSH
• Seeds microbiology   MeSH
• Molecular Docking Simulation MeSH
• Binding Sites MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Adenosine Deaminase MeSH
• Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors MeSH