INTRODUCTION: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) emerged about 30 years ago and continues to cause major economic losses in the pork industry. The lack of effective modified live vaccines (MLV) allows the pandemic to continue. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that wild strains of PRRSV affect the nascent T cell repertoire in the thymus, deplete T cell clones recognizing viral epitopes essential for neutralization, while triggering a chronic, robust, but ineffective antibody response. Therefore, we hypothesized that the current MLV are inappropriate because they cause similar damage and fail to prevent viral-induced dysregulation of adaptive immunity. METHODS: We tested three MLV strains to demonstrate that all have a comparable negative effect on thymocytes in vitro. Further in vivo studies compared the development of T cells in the thymus, peripheral lymphocytes, and antibody production in young piglets. These three MLV strains were used in a mixture to determine whether at least some of them behave similarly to the wild virus type 1 or type 2. RESULTS: Both the wild and MLV strains cause the same immune dysregulations. These include depletion of T-cell precursors, alteration of the TCR repertoire, necrobiosis at corticomedullary junctions, low body weight gain, decreased thymic cellularity, lack of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and production of non-neutralizing anti-PRRSV antibodies of different isotypes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results may explain why the use of current MLV in young animals may be ineffective and why their use may be potentially dangerous. Therefore, alternative vaccines, such as subunit or mRNA vaccines or improved MLV, are needed to control the PRRSV pandemic.

• Klíčová slova
• B lymphocytes, Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus, T lymphocytes, T-cell precursors, animals, thymocytes,
• MeSH
• atenuované vakcíny MeSH
• imunitní systém MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• atenuované vakcíny MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes immune dysregulation during the Critical Window of Immunological Development. We hypothesize that thymocyte development is altered by infected thymic antigen presenting cells (TAPCs) in the fetal/neonatal thymus that interact with double-positive thymocytes causing an acute deficiency of T cells that produces "holes" in the T cell repertoire allowing for poor recognition of PRRSV and other neonatal pathogens. The deficiency may be the result of random elimination of PRRSV-specific T cells or the generation of T cells that accept PRRSV epitopes as self-antigens. Loss of helper T cells for virus neutralizing (VN) epitopes can result in the failure of selection for B cells in lymph node germinal centers capable of producing high affinity VN antibodies. Generation of cytotoxic and regulatory T cells may also be impaired. Similar to infections with LDV, LCMV, MCMV, HIV-1 and trypanosomes, the host responds to the deficiency of pathogen-specific T cells and perhaps regulatory T cells, by "last ditch" polyclonal B cell activation. In colostrum-deprived PRRSV-infected isolator piglets, this results in hypergammaglobulinemia, which we believe to be a "red herring" that detracts attention from the thymic atrophy story, but leads to our second independent hypothesis. Since hypergammaglobulinemia has not been reported in PRRSV-infected conventionally-reared piglets, we hypothesize that this is due to the down-regulatory effect of passive maternal IgG and cytokines in porcine colostrum, especially TGFβ which stimulates development of regulatory T cells (Tregs).

• Klíčová slova
• PRRS virus, T cell repertoire, hypergammaglobulinemia, hypothesis, thymic atrophy,
• MeSH
• hypergamaglobulinemie krev   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• imunoglobulinové izotypy krev   imunologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• prasata MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   imunologie   MeSH
• reprodukční a respirační syndrom prasat krev   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• thymus imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• virus reprodukčního a respiračního syndromu prasat fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobulinové izotypy MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

Cellular and humoral aspects of the immune response develop sequentially in the fetus. During the ontogeny, the pluripotent stem cells emerge and differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages. Basic questions including the identification of the first lympho-hematopoietic sites, the origin of T and B lymphocytes, the development of different subpopulations of alphabeta T, gammadelta T and B lymphocytes as well as development of innate immunity and the acquisition of full immunological capacities are discussed here for swine and compared with other species. The description of related topics such as fertilization, morphogenesis, maternal-fetal-neonatal physiology and early neonatal development are also discussed.

• MeSH
• B-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• buněčná imunita MeSH
• embryo savčí imunologie   MeSH
• hematopoetické kmenové buňky cytologie   imunologie   MeSH
• hematopoéza imunologie   MeSH
• imunitní systém embryologie   imunologie   MeSH
• lymfopoéza MeSH
• maternofetální výměna látek imunologie   MeSH
• morfogeneze imunologie   MeSH
• placentace imunologie   MeSH
• prasata embryologie   imunologie   virologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• T-lymfocyty cytologie   imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH