Information systems are a complex thing, and they are mostly not used stand-alone anymore. In that context, many different issues must be considered. It starts with defining the system's purpose, includes the use cases and scenarios in combination with the necessary data ideally separated into distinct domains. Furthermore, it requires the selection of an appropriate set of supporting components/tools and a development environment including some technology to enable continuous integration. And the endeavor does not come to an end with the development of the system itself. To manage those challenges, thinking about design and architectural principles becomes a mandatory element. The situation gets more complicated with growing expectations regarding communication and cooperation between the more and more complex and dynamic ecosystem's actors. The resulting information system has to adhere to different, sometimes contradictory principles and requirements, frequently controlled by different authorities. This paper focuses less on developing information systems in general but concentrates on the aspects that must be considered when multiple requirements from different stakeholders for data exchange and knowledge sharing for advanced interoperability must be met. The latter is commonly underspecified due to missing proper verification of the correct interpretation of data. One intent of the paper is to promote the deployment of information models as a common basis to derive data exchange specifications establishing advanced interoperability. However, it also addresses the necessity to guarantee that the information models and implementable artifacts correctly represent the intended functions and objectives as well as the underlying concepts of the business system in its prevailing context. Therefore, we cannot limit our considerations on the data and information viewpoints.

• Klíčová slova
• communication standard, data exchange, data set, information model, interoperability,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

For improving quality and safety of healthcare as well as efficiency and efficacy of care processes, health systems turn toward personalized, preventive, predictive, participative precision medicine. The related pHealth ecosystem combines different domains represented by a huge variety of different human and non-human actors belonging to different policy domains, coming from different disciplines. Those actors deploy different methodologies, terminologies, and ontologies, offering different levels of knowledge, skills, and experiences, acting in different scenarios and accommodating different business cases to meet the intended business objectives. Core challenge is the formal representation and management of multiple domains' knowledge. For correctly modeling such systems and their behavior, a system-oriented, architecture-centric, ontology-based, policy-driven approach is inevitable, thereby following established Good Modeling Best Practices. The ISO Interoperability Reference Architecture model and framework offers such approach. The paper describes and classifies the ongoing paradigm changes. It presents requirements and solutions for designing and implementing advanced pHealth ecosystems, thereby correctly adopting and integrating existing pHealth interoperability standards, specifications and projects.

• Klíčová slova
• architecture, ecosystem, interoperability, knowledge management, knowledge representation, modeling, pHealth,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH